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That code though is only a today thing, so it doesn't really give you much time to make up your mind. Some cameras allow separate flash units to be mounted via an accessory mount bracket. The three form factors are the size, the mini size, and the micro size.
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Legacy HTC devices that received updates to Android 4. Walked around the corner to one of the smaller ones and they had no problems. Inthe English physicist Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with an other than air with the invention of the lovers telephone made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end. China smartphones online shopping Yep that's one of the first things I noticed. It did ask for proof of ids, I gave my passport number and all, however I did not send any scanned copies.
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Dude Gumtree Im in SA. I went back into my local store and the attendant not on the phone was chatty and pleasant. Is it and?
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Just went to the shops. It's simply not worth it because your handset value drops overtime. It became very popular with its application on the Walkman inthe 3. Also inthe microphone was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by Harry F. Correct not for me as I have 1, but for others wanting that price. This arrangement can sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen, a similar touchscreen was used on the HP starting inthis was one of the worlds earliest commercial touchscreen computers.
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25.01.2018 - Didn't he promise that if the M7 doesn't do well he will step down as CEO? It's also why you always get harassed for cases, cards, screen protectors, extended warranties etc. Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. This SoC does not contain any kind of data storage, which is common for microprocessor SoC. Autofocus methods are distinguished by their type as being active, passive or hybrid variants. Research has shown that these systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device. A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the time, and thus will need two radios.
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06.03.2018 - Consumer electronics products bearing the CSR aptX logo are certified for interoperability with other Bluetooth audio products belonging to the aptX ecosystem. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone 2. RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. With television and film technology booming there was demand for high fidelity microphones, electro-Voice responded with their Academy Award-winning shotgun microphone in For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with ppi on a dpi inkjet printer, even higher dpi numbers, such as the dpi quoted by printer manufacturers sincedo not mean much in terms of achievable resolution. It was released running Android 4. The negative terminal of the cell has to be connected to the terminal of the voltage source.
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19.02.2018 - The touchscreen hardware is capable of gestures, but until more recently 2. This is the part that holds on to your phone: Since announcing on July 10, all HTC Sensation and Sensation 4G have had its bootloader unlocked due to the customer feedback since the devices initial release. The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating, Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a C rate of current This article summarizes the current definitions of profiles defined and adopted by the Bluetooth SIG and this profile defines how multimedia audio can be streamed from one device to another over a Bluetooth connection. German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current.
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02.02.2018 - I can wait till next month methinks more ppl well have in stock. Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Bluetooth is a protocol with a master-slave structure. Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies. Might wait a few months to see if it lowers a tad.
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One being pay less pay cash. Then comes save even more. I know how the system at my work works. SEM tier is generally the last tier we go to before going any futher.
Anything past this also requires manager's authorisation The last tier down is raw cost price which I as an employee can get products at. Hope that clears up a lot of the false information you guys are spreading around.
Lol sorry if you took offence to that, I've just always that they'd make more than the cost price they usually show to us customers! Thanks for this as well! Someone mentioned telstra stock was lacking one of the signal hz so I was trying to get from optus but I guess anywhere will do now should I decide to get the one.
Also the good guys gives 30 day money back guarantee. Something to note Mr. Rocafella — thanks so much for all your posts so far on TGG's pricing. Just a few quick questions about buying off the website.
Am i able to pay use two credit cards to pay the phone? Split evenly across both? Also just wanted to make sure that across australia i. This is something I am unsure of.
I think if you want to use PLPC pay less pay cash it needs to be done instore Haha I feel like I am promoting them, but I promise I am not. Guess it sounds like its best to wait for stores to get stock before I bite.
You wouldn't have an idea of timing would you? Nah I know where you are coming from. I work in a store that we have the odd good deal on cameras but always feel funny mentioning it on WP even when people are asking what deals are about.
If people can easily enough get to the PLPC price then that's the best deal out on a phone you really can't get a break on elsewhere. They say they are in stock for online delivery which means central warehouses will have them.
I would say it's a matter of days If this is true basically what you can do is go in store or call your local store up and order one in. If they are at warehouses they will be at your local store in days I would say.
I am working Saturday next. I am also based in Adelaide. I might give the HTC rep a quick call and see what the go is and find more info about timing: It has one app, and yes. At the moment there doesn't appear to be truly unbranded stock so you are likely to be waiting for carriers anyway.
Its a safer bet that you buy one from a carrier as there are many different versions including one without LTE and I have had some funny apps from grey imports.
Yeah it has one Telstra app. However you can choose to hide it from the launcher so you never see it. Won't be a big deal as HTC organise for software updates to release on all carriers on the same day.
Any idea when the good guys are gonna have the phone in stock as online it seems none of them do in my area at least. Make sure you go to the top level telsta shop at fg. They are freindly and nice people.
It's worth a try but reckon it'll be a negative given the current demand If we get the guy to upload his receipt, we can print it off and take it into the Telstra store.
I will PM him: Before I bought it I went to a Telstra store to ask if they could swap my Boost sim for a nano, and he said the M8 used a micro sim. So I took his word for it and went home and ended up having to cut and sand my sim down to nano size.
Not surprised though, lol. I'm heading to HN later this afternoon. I hope they are easy going with price matching. I need some advice. I swear I heard people say multiple times that the Voda stock doesn't have any branding or bloatware.
Anyone have a rough idea when will the 32gb version out? I know us had it already.. Should be to more.. Even there is way to work arround.. Yes but you can move everything else to SD easily though.
Really depends on your app usage but I've only ever had gb of apps. I'd prefer 32gb internal, but it's not the end of the world If you can post your recipt that would be great! Sure, I'm at work though, but I'll upload a photo when I get home.
My thoughts on the phone so far - Feels very nice in the hand, and pocket. I came from a Lumia which, while shorter by about a CM, is a brick compared to the M8 - Camera is ok, nowhere near as bad as some reviews make it out to be.
I'm happy with a lot of other things, but those are mainly OS related windows phone OS is the worst thing I've ever used, never, ever, buy a windows phone. I would get the Vodafone stock as it will have the MHz band.
If you plan on using it on Vodafone then its not that big of a deal unless they gain access to Optus MHz network when up and running starting from next year. If you plan to run on Optus then you may be disappointed in 1 year time when the 4G significantly improves and your phone cant use it.
I'm going with a Brodit universal mount. It costs more than the HTC, but it'll work with any future phone I purchase, and is firmly attached to the dash without screw holes. No more unsightly suction cup mounts.
It's a two-part solution. This is the part that holds on to your phone: You'll also need a mount, which attaches the part above to your car. This mount is car-specific, e.
All the different suppliers seems to offer a different combination of network band support. I've never given this stuff a second's thought until just now: I assumed, naively, that a phone would just "work".
But I suppose I should be sure that the phone I buy has the network capabilities required by the bands offered by my telco! The phones offered by Optus, Telstra, Vodafone, have more bands available.
Could someone who purchased from telstra please kindly check your box if your unit has the spectrum? Telstra being Telstra will have massive amounts of rolled out within one year of gaining spectrum in Is there any place in Adelaide where I can buy an unbranded M8?
It doesn't have any Optus splashscreen. It did come with a few Optus apps that I could uninstall. However, google play somehow knows that the phone 'belongs' to Optus as it suggested a few Optus apps.
Other than that, no signs of Optus at all. Or from AU web site http: Weird, tried uninstalling a lot of useless stuff like google books, but it keeps enabling itself and auto updating?! I woudnt trust Logan personally, I've had 2 dramas consecutively in the past and general consensus is negative.
PS I'm looking forward to my gold 1, my brother is back from China tonight with 1, now to view it and see if I should swap him. There phone is listed as L which is the first non carrier listing I've seen.
I have bought a phone from them and had no issues but trust is lost very easy. I want to experiment with 2. I want to buy M8 from a store which will possibly have one of the lowest price after about 6 months.
This will allow me to get the difference back through price protection my credit card offers: So which online or regular retail store will have lowest advertised priced for M8 after 6 months Also, not sure if direct imports will be accepted by the credit card company.
This is a common scam for newer released phones. They make it so it becomes more attractive if you buy more because they don't intend to actually send anything after taking your money. I do like to try before I buy, and I would like to handle and check out the unit before I shell out the best part of a grand on it.
After talking to Harvey Norman this morning online I found out the phone is unbranded Australian stock. The guy said go to the retail store and show evidence of other retailers prices and he thinks it will be matched.
Give it ago I would say. With no local warranty nad possible no 4G on some carriers.. I can barely hear someone when im talking to them, anyone else have this problem? I have one on hold at JB this afternoon.
Because I rang another store yesterday and asked them to match with TGG and they said advertised prices only How did you do it!? All australian units are tied to carriers for updates, regardless of branding.
The price, it's too good to be true. Especially asking you to buy two Feedback, but not just the seller's rating. Look at what they have sold in the past. In this case, with a long time seller with good feedback, they haven't sold phones before.
This is a sign that this account may have been recently hijacked by a Scammer. Exactly the same wording in the flash text. The business contact details for the seller on previous sales don't match the seller contact details of this listing.
Had a feeling it;s a scam, that's why I posted here, people seem to have knowledge about phone purchases here: Here is a link to the website: I think he was more after the receipt to get it matched ; Blank out any personal details of course.
Soon there will be soff so with supercid any Australian M8 can be transformed into any model. Whilst there's never a garantee of s-off it is extremely likely. Just ordered from Mobicity used my cc to get 6 months price protection hopefully I get it early next week.
My guess would be none. Plus Telstra units have a Telstra app which you can hide anyway unlike the unbranded units that just have no additional app s installed.
I'm seeing that Telstra versions are made in China too. Other than T on the box and Telstra bootanimation and app there seems to be not much difference. Anyone with an HN got a made in Taiwan?
Realised this has been mentioned earlier, but thought to note the differences to Aus carrier models. According to Telstra's webpage: Not that I think it's material to be missing the mhz LTE band, but would be interesting if Telstra's online specs differ from their released product.
I would not be surprised if Telstra's Webpage is simply incorrect. It wouldn't be the first time. According to this Whirlpool wiki page: There's different internation unbranded models: Bought from Telstra says: That should help people looking to buy, if you're on Optus virgin get an Optus one since is the 4g plus spectrum..
On the other hand, I really want the gold version: But it is unbranded, meaning it has no Optus apps installed I think Optus M8 handsets don't have Optus splash screen either. Last year when I experimented on the M7 I needed to change the MID as well so the updates from the international version would install.
So I popped into my local Optus shop just now, to check out the phone which I'd yet to see in the flesh, and to ask about cost of buying it outright. I couldn't really get a sense of the unit because it was wired into one of those little demonstration stands.
I had a quick play; yeah Android 4. But it's unfair to dis something on only a quick look; no doubt it's got a lot of power under the hood. My main gripe was that of the two store attendants, one was with customers; the other was on the phone.
As I'm on crutches after an accident I can't stand around for too long: After several minutes of checking out the phone and wandering about the store looking at catalogues and accessories, I left.
Maybe that particular store Northcote Plaza! But I get pissed off when being on the phone is used as a license to ignore other customers. JB guy standing at computer doing something — i figure he was helping another customer.
Then the Samsung guy comes along, starts talking to him. This whole time, I'm looking at the M8. Looking up at the sales guy, looking back at the phone etc. Phone call comes through, he answers it.
By this stage, I'm thinking maybe he isn't helping anyone. He doesn't know, but he goes finds out. I wasn't sold on buying the device on Saturday, however, I almost certainly would have got it. But after that experience, I'm now in no hurry to hand my money over for one.
Turns out that they can only sell in via contracts and to wait till next month until I can get it. Went to my local Optus store Sunnybank and asked about buying it outright.
Clearly your Optus people are more responsive than my Optus people. So was mine at Karingal Hub last week, wasn't serving any one came straight over. Ever since I signed up a contract close to 2 years, I sworn not to sign up another.
It's simply not worth it because your handset value drops overtime. Within 6 months — 1 year price will drop but your handset replayment portion is static and doesn't change for the life of the contract.
Nevertheless no matter waht I'm going to wait until other phones get released end of this year to compare before jumping on the bandwagon for M8. I expect good comparison Note 4, iPhone 6, Next Xperia and perhaps by then we have another flagship from HTC, and hope its not another ultrapixel camera again.
If they still stick to it please make it MP with better lens. For now I spent a new battery for my SGS3 to take me through to end of this year and put myself on some other cheap prepaid BYO after contract expires.
Not sure how the staff member on the phone is supposed to tell you he'll be with you in minute if he's talking to another customer on the phone. Wouldn't he then be being rude to the customer on the phone?
The problem with working in retail is you can never win. Approach someone too quickly, they get the shits for not leaving them alone. Don't approach quick enough, then your not being attentive enough.
Would buy at JB hifi but the store closest to me won't sell outright and would prefer to not buy at Telstra things like shutter sound etc. I want the gold version so badly.
But after calling few stores, all says the same even those online ones are all pre-order. Can someone call the supplier and find out if the 32gb m8 is on its way. When he comes back, "Yes.
We've got one left. But we'll only sell it on a contract. Work at JB and unfortunately this is really common for big release phones. JB wants to sell telstra contract really badly and doesnt want to give out stock that is allocated for contracts outright models can't be sold on contracts.
Should be able to get away with it in store that have more stock. Next time all i can advise is ask if there are any stores around with more stock who will sell outright: It looks like they're only selling it online and not at the moment in their stores.
Actually all I wanted was for him to smile in my direction, to acknowledge my existence. I don't mind waiting, but I detest being ignored. Hey all, personally i was going to order a developer edition and use a freight forwarder, seems to be reasonably priced,.
Does anybody know what network bands the JB phones can access? I am not sure about 3g, too slow anyway, but for 4g you'd be better buying from Optus cause is the newer 4g spectrum which should be quick cause of less congestion only available on the newer phones!
Is anybody else selling the phones outright for the Optus network? Or do I just have to wait? What are the Good Guys selling? And how do I find out the which brands are being sold by which retailers?
I guess I'll just wait until Optus starts selling the phones outright Some stores are already. I bought one a few days ago on the Queen St store in Brisbane outright for No problems at all, it's even in their official catalogue at that price outright.
My S2 is on its last leg. They used to allow you use woolies giftcards even though they weren't apart of woolies anymore, unless that changed? So essentially if you can apply staff discount to woolies giftcards you could do it that way to get the reduction.
I doubt you will see too much better than that over the next few weeks, but you could always haggle. That code though is only a today thing, so it doesn't really give you much time to make up your mind.
I doubt you will see too much better than that over the next few weeks, but you could always haggle The main issue here is how fast you will actually get the item. With DSE Online current record of a few weeks delivery time, of which by that time, it would have cost around that price or better offers would've become available.
I agree though ds doesn't have a good record when it coms to delivery times. A friend of mine pre-ordered a Galaxy S5 last week and got it on the release day which was Friday so it only took a day or I just ordered my HTC M8 will let you know how long it takes I just placed an order on the dicksmith website and about half an hour later I got an email from them saying my order had been canceled.
Please be advised that we are having difficulties processing your order and your transaction has been unsuccessful. Press them on it and they should honour it. There's nothing in terms and conditions for them not to honour it.
The gs5 is excluded in this sale, but people have managed to get the code to apply the discount for it aswell. While I doubt they'll bring it to Australia this will be awesome for people who are just going to throw it in a case anyway.
Dam that is really quick indeed, now I wish I had bought it on the weekend too. Does the phone come with the HTC case? Also can you tell me if the camera shutter sound can be silenced?
Awesome, I was at JB today, the sales person told me the phone doesn't come with the case, which was different from what I thought. This clears things up for me. I always have my phone on me and it gets used a lot.
It comes with a black soft plastic case. Not the dot view one just to clear things up as quite a few people thought it did. Just received mine from Dick Smith that's what I call service And whats good also phone isn't from Telstra, Vodafone Etc Might go get one from Dick Smith before heading overseas this weekend.
I take it the handset is no different to those sold by Vodafone or Telstra. I had the M7 for 6 months and never got any scratches. The only problem was the white matte strips and the edges, which had light stains.
It's the same without the bloatware and gets updates faster I believe? I have the M7 purchased outright from JB Hi Fi and even though unbranded, does not get updates before all carriers have signed off on them; and I imagine the M8 will be the same.
My question was more around whether the hardware radio bands is any different c. Is a screen protector included with the package too? I take it all back. I went back into my local store and the attendant not on the phone was chatty and pleasant.
I was told that I wouldn't be able to buy the phone outright from that particular store until May. However, the longer I wait, the less desperate I become for a new phone. Having put a new ROM on my old Galaxy S3, and a nice new screen protector, the phone looks newer than it did.
So I can wait until the One M8 comes down in price, has stock Android, or even until something better comes along the OnePlus One looks pretty yummy on specs at least Those that got the dot view case included in the price when purchasing from Dick Smith; was the case inside the box?
Haven't unboxed my phone yet, just curious: Basic gel case will be in the box, dot view would be a separate package. Don't mind the basic gel case. I do see what people mean about the volume button being in an awkward position though; combined with a satisfying "click" that the buttons on this phone have; I've been changing the volume on my device 3 out of 5 times I pick it up!
DSE with should be better, but will be branded. Neithers the one I bought from Warrnambools Optus store outright for the band. Not one Optus application found. For every item I have salary sacrificed so far; the item cost has been reimbursed to be inclusive of GST and the deductions to recoup the cost from my pay check have been ex-GST.
It is hard to tell on their website as it goes to a list of 3 very basic phones. It is valid until tomorrow. Is the Dot View case still included in the Vodafone contracts? It doesn't say on their website, but I wonder if it was just an in-store promo?
Is the silver coloured m8 available at any retailers? Have only seen the gun metal one so far. Not sure anyone found this phone looks nice but way too expensive for its specs. Prices have gone up due to exchange rate differences.
Archive View Return to standard view. Was it a grey import? This is a sound idea. Do you have a link to where Telstra are offering the M8 for outright purchase? You could buy it here, but then it doesn't work out better than buying locally.
I purchased Aussie stock from exeltek. And the service centre is fonebiz. Actually just to reiterate, a quick comparison with deal you can get locally. Does anyone know when the Google Play edition will launch here?
Google Play edition will launch here? Unfortunately we probably won't get that option. I am happy to be proved wrong. Will likely sell my M7 and get the M8. Not too bad for a 32GB, but this is for the 16GB scotsman writes I think I'll stick with my HOne for another year and indulge in a Nexus 5 soon: Why would anyone pay double for 16gb HTC one over 32 go n5?
Works out roughly the same as buying outright and going prepaid. Plan is the best way to go. There definitely will be, the only problem is that you might have to wait.
Haha — good point Crazy Yes its cheaper outright, but meh Still works out better than getting the phone on any 24 month contract It works out cheaper overall but you are ignoring the next 12 months of paying for calls, txt and data?
No contract beats any contract. I think the price is a bit high on M I'm not sure why HTC still insist on ultrapixels Bonus offer is available with Online Pre-Orders only.
I'll keep an eye out at other retailers. Best deal I can see on a plan is Vodafone 1. Hmm I could use my Harvey Norman Voucher, but yeah, that's very pricey. How is that a saving if Telstra are selling the phone for Prices aren't looking too good.
I'm still getting one: P I'm still interested in it, but probably not getting it day one. It only really benefits those who get more than 1 phone a year — like you: D Maybe I could give the whole prepaid thing a go — but the only one ive used is Amaysim for value for money — and compared to being on Vodafone contract, Amaysim comes off a poor second.
Actually while im at it — who do you guys use for your prepaid provider? Been with Vodafone for 6 years and the last 4 years have been pretty damn good. Me too but not getting my hopes up.
I assume they would. Anyway, I always root my phones so not really an issue for me I bought an unbranded M7 from Harvey Norman Harvey Norman sold both, Optus and unbranded At least the 64gb from them was.
Would love to know where to find cheaper unbranded. Not really when there are asshats that spend much more then that on the iPhone and even worse the 5C Yes but we all know iPhones are overpriced.
So at this point we can assume: Telstra shop wont sell them today Pretty annoying considering you are willing to recontract on their shitty plan for 2 years at a higher cost You know you can pre-order a re-contract?
Actually they probably dispatch them today so you get them tomorrow. It'll have the Telstra bootscreen and a few preloaded Telstra apps. So been calling around Sydney CBD.
So if you want one from JB today you should be able to get it at World Square. Yeah might wait till tomorrow to get from Telstra. Edit — telstra won't even let me look at it until tomorrow. All are saying no stock until tomorrow.
M7 was the same, picture quality was shyte thoe. About to head out to lunch to test one out. First time I'll get hands on with the M8. Faster than M7, and I liked the M7 pics: Fair call, not everyone is fussed about photo quality.
I'd prefer that over a phone full of touchwiz ; If I want an amazing photo, I have a multitude of real cameras I can take with me. Clearly they have no clue about what is going on.
I think JB has Telstra branded stock. Any bricks and mortars selling the dotview case separately? Fujitsu later competed with the FM Towns computer, released in with support for a full 16,, color palette, in, the first dedicated polygonal 3D graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the Namco System 21 and Taito Air System.
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Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
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These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Pixel — The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates.
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The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix and el, the word pixel was first published in by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the elements of video images from space probes to the Moon.
Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. The word is a combination of pix, for picture, the word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.
By, pix was being used in reference to pictures by photojournalists. The concept of a picture element dates to the earliest days of television, some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel, for example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC.
A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image, however, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be printed pixels in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera.
This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, Pixels can be used as a unit of measure such as, pixels per inch, pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with ppi on a dpi inkjet printer, even higher dpi numbers, such as the dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution.
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original, the number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition.
The pixels, or color samples, that form an image may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels. In computing, a composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image.
Pixel density — Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devices have square pixels, but differ on devices that have non-square pixels.
The lowest acceptable quality factor is considered 1. An absorbent paper surface, uncoated recycled paper for instance, lets ink droplets spread —so requires a more open printing screen, input resolution can therefore be reduced to minimize file size without loss in quality, as long as the quality factor of 2 is maintained.
This is easily determined by doubling the line frequency, for example, printing on an uncoated paper stock often limits printing screen frequency to no more than lpi, therefore, a quality factor of 2 is achieved with images of ppi.
The PPI of a display is related to the size of the display in inches. This measurement is referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer.
This figure is determined by dividing the width of the area in pixels by the width of the display area in inches. It is possible for a display to have different horizontal and vertical PPI measurements, the dot pitch of a computer display determines the absolute limit of possible pixel density.
In January, Kopin Corporation announced a 0. In they followed this up with a DPI0. Holography applications demand even greater density, as higher pixel density produces a larger image size.
Spatial light modulators can reduce pixel pitch to 2. However, this figure depends both on the distance between viewer and image, and the visual acuity. For perspective, such a device at 15 inch screen size would have to more than four Full HD screens.
The company was known as Corning Glass Works until, when it changed its name to Corning Incorporated. Corning is involved in two joint ventures, Dow Corning and Pittsburgh Corning, quest Diagnostics and Covance were spun off from Corning in The company moved again to its home and namesake, the city of Corning, New York, in under leadership of the founders son, Amory Houghton.
Over years later, Corning continues to maintain its headquarters at Corning. The firm also established one of the first industrial research labs there in and it continues to expand the nearby research and development facility, as well as operations associated with catalytic converters and diesel engine filter product lines.
Corning has a history of community development and has assured community leaders that it intends to remain headquartered in its small upstate New York hometown. The California Institute of Technologys inch telescope mirror at Palomar Observatory was cast by Corning during — out of low expansion borosilicate glass, in, George Ellery Hale approached Corning with the challenge of fabricating the required optic for his Palomar project.
A previous effort to fabricate the optic from fused quartz had failed, Cornings first attempt was a failure, the cast blank having voids. Using lessons learned, Corning was successful in the casting of the second blank, after a year of cooling, during which it was almost lost to a flood, in the blank was completed.
The first blank now resides in Cornings Museum of Glass, in, Corning formed a partnership with bottle maker Owens-Illinois, which formed the company known today as Owens Corning. Owens Corning was spun off as a company in The company had a history of science-based innovations following World War II, Corning developed it as an alternative to laminated windshields with the intention of becoming an automotive industry supplier.
As there were no mandatory safety standards for motor vehicle windshields, Corning terminated its windshield project in, after it turned out to be one of the companys biggest and most expensive failures.
However, like many Corning innovations, the process to manufacture this automotive glass was resurrected and is today the basis of their very profitable LCD glass business.
Gorilla Glass — Gorilla Glass is a brand of specialized toughened glass developed and manufactured by Corning, now in its fifth generation, designed to be thin, light and damage-resistant.
The glass gains its strength, ability to contain flaws. Corning experimented with chemically strengthened glass in, as part of a Project Muscle initiative, within a few years they had developed a muscled glass marketed as Chemcor.
Experimentation was revived in, investigating whether the glass could be thin enough for use in consumer electronics. It was brought into use when Apple asked Corning for a thin, toughened glass.
Corning further developed the material for a variety of smartphones and other consumer devices for a range of companies. The second generation, called Gorilla Glass 2, was introduced in, on October 24,, Corning announced that over one billion mobile devices used Gorilla Glass.
According to Corning, the material is up to three times more scratch-resistant than the version, with enhanced ability to resist deep scratches that typically weaken glass.
Gorilla Glass 4, with better resistance and capability to be made thinner with the same performance as its predecessor, was announced at the end of Gorilla Glass has also addressed the automobile market, Ford Motor Company announced it will be using the material for the front and rear windshields on its Ford GT sports car beginning in The intrinsic thermal consistency of Lotus Glass allows it to retain its shape, decreased compaction and variation during the crystallization and activation step further reduce stress and distortions to the substrate.
This enables tighter design rules in advanced backplanes for higher resolution, in other words, a product could use both Gorilla Glass and Lotus Glass. Camera phone — A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs.
Most camera phones also record video, most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed-focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting, lacking a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag.
Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a longer exposure time than a bright. Optical zoom and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash, some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card.
Most have Bluetooth and WiFi, and can make geotagged photographs, some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, but with bigger image sensors, their capabilities approach those of low-end point-and-shoot cameras.
In the smartphone era, the sales increase of camera phones caused point-and-shoot camera sales to peak about Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two, most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on-screen button to activate the shutter.
Some also have a camera button, for quickness and convenience. The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness, indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching.
However, the screen, being a general purpose control, lacks the agility of a separate cameras dedicated buttons. The latest generation of cameras also apply distortion, vignetting.
Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature, an external camera can be added, coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi-Fi. They are compatible with most smartphones, images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, except for some high-end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.
Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera if the phone is asleep. Auto focus — An autofocus optical system uses a sensor, a control system and a motor to focus on an automatically or manually selected point or area.
An electronic rangefinder has a display instead of the motor, the adjustment of the system has to be done manually until indication. Autofocus methods are distinguished by their type as being active, passive or hybrid variants.
Autofocus systems rely on one or more sensors to determine correct focus, some AF systems rely on a single sensor, while others use an array of sensors. Most multi-sensor AF cameras allow manual selection of the active sensor, the data collected from AF sensors is used to control an electromechanical system that adjusts the focus of the optical system.
A variation of autofocus is a rangefinder, a system in which focus data are provided to the operator. The speed of the AF system is dependent on the widest aperture offered by the lens.
Between and, Leitz patented an array of autofocus, at photokina, Leica had presented a camera based on their previous development, named Correfot, and in they displayed an SLR camera with fully operational autofocus.
The Pentax ME-F, which used focus sensors in the body coupled with a motorized lens. Active AF systems measure distance to the subject independently of the optical system, there are various ways to measure distance, including ultrasonic sound waves and infrared light.
In the first case, sound waves are emitted from the camera, Polaroid cameras including the Spectra and SX were known for successfully applying this system. In the latter case, infrared light is used to triangulate the distance to the subject.
An exception to the approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers. The term usually assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. Small camcorders, smartphones and digital cameras can capture still and moving images in p resolution.
Such frame rates require H. The p50 format is considered to be a production format and, eventually. There is no word when any of the networks will consider airing at p in the foreseeable future.
The Blu-ray Disc video specification allows encoding of p Smartphones with p FullHD display have been available on the market since, as of the end of, it is the standard for mid-range to high-end smartphones and many of the flagship devices of used even higher resolutions.
Several websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the p format, YouTube streams p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-rays 30 to 40 megabits per second.
This expanded over time to include communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS. It may also refer to the most common voice codec used, the decision to develop a continental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States.
In the following year,, saw the sending of the first short messaging service message, work began in to expand the GSM standard to the MHz frequency band and the first MHz network became operational in the UK by called and DCS Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became available.
In the first Multimedia Messaging Service were introduced and the first GSM network in the MHz frequency band became operational, EDGE services first became operational in a network in and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in, GSM is a second-generation standard employing time-division multiple-Access spectrum-sharing, issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
GSM, for the first time, set a standard for Europe for wireless networks. It was also adopted by many countries outside Europe and this allowed subscribers to use other GSM networks that have roaming agreements with each other.
General Packet Radio Service — General Packet Radio Service is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications.
GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, sometimes billing time is broken down to every third of a minute.
Usage above the cap is charged per megabyte, speed limited. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access channels in, for example, GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.
In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 since IPv6 was not yet popular, in this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone.
This allows an IP address to be assigned dynamically to the mobile equipment and this is typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard.
A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the time, and thus will need two radios. To get around this requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer mode feature.
EDGE produces a 3-bit word for every change in carrier phase and this effectively triples the gross data rate offered by GSM. It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Incremental Redundancy and this increases the probability of correct decoding.
Hertz — The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves.
Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-.
It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. One hertz simply means one cycle per second, Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on.
The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels.
This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase.
The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc.
Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20, Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond.
Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz.
Later 3G releases, often denoted 3. This ensures it can be applied to voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls. Each generation is characterized by new bands, higher data rates.
The first 3G networks were introduced in and fourth generation 4G networks in, several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G wireless network.
However, many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3. The family is a revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and hardware.
UMTS uses wideband code division multiple access radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency, UMTS specifies a complete network system, which includes the radio access network, the core network and the authentication of users via SIM cards.
The first national consumer UMTS networks launched in with a emphasis on telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV. W-CDMA systems are criticized for their large spectrum usage, which delayed deployment in countries that acted relatively slowly in allocating new frequencies specifically for 3G services.
It also reduced latency and provided up to five times more capacity in the downlink. The first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3GPP release 5, phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of In general voice calls are prioritized over data transfer.
The following table is derived from table 5. Categories and 11 have inter-TTI intervals of 2 or 3, Dual-Cell and MIMO 2x2 each multiply the maximum data rate by 2, because multiple independent transport blocks are transmitted over different carriers or spatial streams, respectively.
Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players, Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point.
Such an access point has a range of about 20 meters indoors, hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2. A ruling by the U. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use and these frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference.
They are the credited with inventing Wi-Fi. The first version of the In, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as an association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
Wi-Fi uses a number of patents held by many different organizations. Phil Belanger, a member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi.
Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo, the yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability. NFC is used for networking, for sharing contacts, photos, videos or files.
NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards, NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as barcodes, NFC protocols established a generally supported standard.
When one of the devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services. NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with software, for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant apparatus.
NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to and they typically contain data and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable.
Applications include secure personal data storage, NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications. The standards were provided by the NFC Forum, the forum was responsible for promoting the technology and setting standards and certifies device compliance.
Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex such as Wi-Fi. This is used for identification, authentication and tracking, The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton.
The device allowed data communication between two units in close proximity, Sony and Philips agreed to establish a technology specification and created a technical outline on March 25, Bluetooth — Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks.
Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in, it was conceived as a wireless alternative to RS data cables. It can connect up to seven devices, overcoming problems that older technologies had when attempting to connect to each other.
The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, a manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices, the development of the short-link radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden, and by Johan Ullman.
The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE, issued and SE, issued, Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing.
Both were working for Ericsson in Lund, the specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. The idea of this name was proposed in by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers, at the time of this proposal he was reading Frans G.
A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the location of data inside the memory.
RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, in todays technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits.
RAM is normally associated with types of memory, where stored information is lost if power is removed. Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow access for read operations.
Integrated-circuit RAM chips came into the market in the early s, with the first commercially available DRAM chip, early computers used relays, mechanical counters or delay lines for main memory functions.
Ultrasonic delay lines could only reproduce data in the order it was written, drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items required knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed.
Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers. Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data, the first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube, since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access.
The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was smaller, faster. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the SSEM, magnetic-core memory was invented in and developed up until the mids.
It became a form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each rings magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring, since every ring had a combination of address wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence was possible.
Magnetic core memory was the form of memory system until displaced by solid-state memory in integrated circuits. Data was stored in the capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away.
Gigabyte — The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.
However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote bytes. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity.
The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either bytes or bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name.
As is approximately, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote bytes and gibibyte denote bytes.
The file manager of Mac OS X version The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte.
Since the first disk drive, the IBM, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as GB.
The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as bytes.
Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, GB might be reported by the operating system as GB, meaning GiB.
As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.
The standard was introduced in August by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic and Toshiba as an improvement over MultiMediaCards, and has become the industry standard.
SDA today has about 1, member companies, the SDA uses several trademarked logos owned and licensed by SD-3C to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility.
There are many combinations of factors and device families, although as of The three form factors are the size, the mini size, and the micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card.
The SD cards small footprint is a storage medium for smaller, thinner. The second-generation Secure Digital card was developed to improve on the MultiMediaCard standard, which continued to evolve, Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways, Asymmetrical slots in the sides of the SD card prevent inserting it upside down.
Most SD cards are 2. The SD specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of MMC, for a comparison table, see below. While MMC uses a pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates.
The SD card added Content Protection for Recordable Media security circuitry for digital rights management content-protection, full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other.
Flash memory — Flash memory is electronic non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The individual flash memory cells exhibit internal characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates, where EPROMs had to be completely erased before being rewritten, NAND-type flash memory may be written and read in blocks which are generally much smaller than the entire device.
One key disadvantage of flash memory is that it can endure a relatively small number of write cycles in a specific block. Because erase cycles are slow, the block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over non-flash EEPROM when writing large amounts of data.
As of, flash memory costs much less than byte-programmable EEPROM and had become the dominant memory type wherever a system required a significant amount of non-volatile solid-state storage, Flash memory was invented by Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba circa NOR-based flash has long erase and write times, but provides full address and data buses, allowing random access to any memory location.
This makes it a replacement for older read-only memory chips. Its endurance may be from as little as erase cycles for a flash memory, to a more typical 10, or, erase cycles. Rather, data must be read on a basis, with typical block sizes of hundreds to thousands of bits.
In this regard, NAND flash is similar to other data storage devices, such as hard disks and optical media. Battery electricity — An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to a circuit will flow.
It is the movement of ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells.
Primary batteries are used once and discarded, the materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices.
Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries have much lower energy than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work. The usage of battery to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, alessandro Volta built and described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions.
Although early batteries were of value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated. It consisted of a pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid.
These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Ampere hour — The commonly seen milliampere hour is one-thousandth of an ampere hour.
The ampere hour is used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating. A milliampere second is a unit of measure used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging and this quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage.
The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current, an ampere hour is not a unit of energy. In a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered over the discharge interval, generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge, an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power.
The Faraday constant is the charge on one mole of electrons and it is used in electrochemical calculations. An AA size dry cell has a capacity of about 2 to 3 ampere hours, automotive car batteries vary in capacity but a large automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine would have about a 50 ampere hour battery capacity.
Since one ampere hour can produce 0. Rechargeable battery — It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term accumulator is used as it accumulates and stores energy through an electrochemical reaction.
Rechargeable batteries are produced in different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network.
Several different combinations of materials and electrolytes are used, including lead—acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the sizes and voltages as disposable types.
Devices which use rechargeable batteries include automobile starters, portable devices, light vehicles, tools, uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications in hybrid internal combustion-battery and electric vehicles drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, Battery storage power stations use rechargeable batteries for load-leveling and for renewable energy uses.
Load-leveling reduces the power which a plant must be able to generate, reducing capital cost. The US National Electrical Manufacturers Association estimated in that US demand for batteries was growing twice as fast as demand for disposables.
Small rechargeable batteries can power portable devices, power tools, appliances. Heavy-duty batteries power electric vehicles, ranging from scooters to locomotives and they are used in distributed electricity generation and in stand-alone power systems.
During charging, the active material is oxidized, producing electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit, the energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicles volt DC power outlet.
Regardless, to energy in a secondary cell, it has to be connected to a DC voltage source. The negative terminal of the cell has to be connected to the terminal of the voltage source.
Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery, slow dumb chargers without voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to reach a full charge.
Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours, depending on the model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes, fast chargers must have multiple ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge to stop charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs.
The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating, Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a C rate of current.
Lithium-ion battery — A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, the electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics and they are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge.
Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle, for example, lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead—acid batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles.
Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types, handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide, which offers high energy density, but presents safety risks, especially when damaged.
Lithium iron phosphate, lithium ion manganese oxide battery and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide offer lower energy density, such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment and other roles.
NMC in particular is a contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and lithium titanate are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles, the newer lithium—sulfur batteries promise the highest performance-to-weight ratio.
Lithium-ion batteries can pose unique safety hazards since they contain a flammable electrolyte, an expert notes If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires.
Because of these risks, testing standards are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, there have been battery-related recalls by some companies, including the Samsung Note 7 recall for battery fires.
This article covers just the topics and general principles of lithium-ion batteries. Nearly all facets have elements that are impacted by currently very active development or research, a cell is a basic electrochemical unit that contains the basic components, such as electrodes, separator, and electrolyte.
In the case of cells, this is the single cylindrical, prismatic or pouch unit. In this regard, the simplest battery is a cell with perhaps a small electronic circuit for protection.
In many cases, distinguishing between cell and battery is not important, however, this should be done when dealing with specific applications, for example, battery electric vehicles, where battery may indicate a high voltage system of V, and not a single cell.
The term module is used as an intermediate topology, with the understanding that a battery pack is made of modules. In electrochemistry, the anode is the electrode where oxidation is taking place in the battery, i.
Historically, for lithium cells, which started as single use discharge cells and this is true on discharge, but with a rechargeable system, the negative electrode chemically becomes the cathode while charging.
Multi-touch — In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface. This plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures, the use of touchscreen technology to control electronic devices pre-dates multi-touch technology and the personal computer.
Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments, early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time.
On-screen keyboards were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover and holding down a key while typing another were not possible. In a handwritten note dated 11 March, Stumpe presented his proposed solution — a capacitive touch screen with a number of programmable buttons presented on a display.
The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass — fine enough, in the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors.
In, MIT described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection, in the early s, The University of Torontos Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems.
A system at the University of Toronto used a panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more spots on an otherwise white background.
Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure, the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well, of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics. In, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a discussion of touch-screen based interfaces.
By, both Bell Labs and Carnegie Mellon University had working multi-touch-screen prototypes — both input and graphics — that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs, the Bell Labs system was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical.
In, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, an advance occurred in, when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch Digital Desk, which supported multi-finger and pinching motions.
Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century, the company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies between and, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad.
Several studies of technology were published in the early s by Alan Hedge, professor of human factors. Apple acquired Fingerworks and its technology in Touchscreen — A touchscreen is a input and output device normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system.
The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather using a mouse, touchpad. Touchscreens are common in such as game consoles, personal computers, tablet computers, electronic voting machines, point of sale systems.
They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals and they also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants and some e-readers. The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable.
The application of technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in A resistive touchscreen was developed by American inventor George Samuel Hurst, the first version was produced in This arrangement can sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen, a similar touchscreen was used on the HP starting in, this was one of the worlds earliest commercial touchscreen computers.
HP mounted their infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9 Sony Cathode Ray Tube, in, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16, to deal with the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics.
In, Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG video game console and it consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where the pen presses are detected.
It was used primarily for a software application. A graphic touch tablet was released for the Sega AI Computer in, touch-sensitive Control-Display Units were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early s.
In, the University of Toronto group including Bill Buxton developed a tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems. In, the first graphical point of sale software was demonstrated on the bit Atari ST color computer and it featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.
In, Casio launched the Casio PB pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4x4 matrix, until touchscreens had the bad reputation of being imprecise. Accelerometer — An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, proper acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration.
For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earths gravity, by contrast, accelerometers in free fall will measure zero.
Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science, highly sensitive accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles.
Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration in rotating machinery, accelerometers are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are always displayed upright.
Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation, coordinated accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space, i.
This gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect, micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or provide for game input.
An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Put another way, at any point in spacetime the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of an inertial frame.
Such accelerations are popularly denoted g-force, i. The reason for the appearance of an offset is Einsteins equivalence principle. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall and this includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic zero-g arc, or any free-fall in vacuum.
Another example is free-fall at a high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected. However this does not include a fall in air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration.
At terminal velocity the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards, Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second, in the cgs unit gal, or popularly in terms of standard gravity.
For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in a navigation system. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, conceptually, an accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring.
When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration, the mass is displaced to the point that the spring is able to accelerate the mass at the rate as the casing. The displacement is measured to give the acceleration.
Magnetometer — A compass is a simple example of a magnetometer, one that measures the direction of an ambient magnetic field. Magnetometers are widely used for measuring the Earths magnetic field and in geophysical surveys to detect anomalies of various types.
They are also used in the military to detect submarines, consequently, some countries, such as the United States, Canada and Australia, classify the more sensitive magnetometers as military technology, and control their distribution.
Magnetic fields are vector quantities characterized by strength and direction. The strength of a field is measured in units of tesla in the SI units. Gaussmeters and teslameters are magnetometers that measure in units of gauss or tesla, in some contexts, magnetometer is the term used for an instrument that measures fields of less than 1 millitesla and gaussmeter is used for those measuring greater than 1 mT.
There are two types of magnetometer measurement. Vector magnetometers measure the components of a magnetic field. Total field magnetometers or scalar magnetometers measure the magnitude of the magnetic field.
Magnetometers used to study the Earths magnetic field may express the components of the field in terms of declination. Absolute magnetometers measure the magnitude or vector magnetic field, using an internal calibration or known physical constants of the magnetic sensor.
Relative magnetometers measure magnitude or vector magnetic field relative to a fixed but uncalibrated baseline, also called variometers, relative magnetometers are used to measure variations in magnetic field.
Magnetometers may also be classified by their situation or intended use, stationary magnetometers are installed to a fixed position and measurements are taken while the magnetometer is stationary.
Portable or mobile magnetometers are meant to be used while in motion, laboratory magnetometers are used to measure the magnetic field of materials placed within them and are typically stationary.
The performance and capabilities of magnetometers are described through their technical specifications, major specifications include Sample rate is the amount of readings given per second. The inverse is the time in seconds per reading.
Sample rate is important in mobile magnetometers, the sample rate, bandwidth or bandpass characterizes how well a magnetometer tracks rapid changes in magnetic field. Microphone — A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal.
Several different types of microphone are in use, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a wave to an electrical signal. Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced, in order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice.
The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones, some of the first examples, from fifth century BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of actors in amphitheatres.
In, the English physicist Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with an other than air with the invention of the lovers telephone made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end.
German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current. Better results were achieved with the transmitter design in Scottish-American Alexander Graham Bells telephone of — the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution.
These systems, however, gave a poor sound quality. The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the carbon microphone and this was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US.
Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, the carbon microphone is the direct prototype of todays microphones and was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries.
Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of and this microphone was employed at the first ever radio broadcast, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first condenser microphone, in, the first practical moving coil microphone was built.
The Marconi Skykes or magnetophon, developed by Captain H. Also in, the microphone was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by Harry F.
Over the years these microphones were developed by companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control. With television and film technology booming there was demand for high fidelity microphones, electro-Voice responded with their Academy Award-winning shotgun microphone in During the second half of 20th century development advanced quickly with the Shure Brothers bringing out the SM58, digital was pioneered by Milab in with the DM The latest research developments include the use of optics, lasers and interferometers.
Proximity sensor — A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits a field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation.
The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensors target, different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target, the maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined nominal range.
Some sensors have adjustments of the range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Some know these process as thermosensation, proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are used on smartphones to detect accidental touchscreen taps when held to the ear during a call. They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing and this is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
International Electrotechnical Commission defines the technical details of proximity sensors, a proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch. Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations, an array of proximity sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for the hand gesture detection.
In particular, a car infotainment system in vehicle can employ the proximity sensors to cover the area over the screen. For example, LG Electronics has recently filed several patents addressing this advanced technology, sheet break sensing in paper machine.
Automatic faucets Motion detector Occupancy sensor. Push-button — A push-button or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process.
Buttons are typically out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand. Buttons are most often biased switches, although many un-biased buttons still require a spring to return to their un-pushed state, different people use different terms for the pushing of the button, such as press, depress, mash, hit, and punch.
The push-button has been utilized in calculators, push-button telephones, kitchen appliances, in industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be connected together by a mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released.
In this way, a button can force a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process has no electrical circuits for control, to avoid the operator from pushing the wrong button in error, pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function.
Commonly used colors are red for stopping the machine or process, red pushbuttons can also have large heads for easy operation and to facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are called emergency stop buttons and for increased safety are mandated by the code in many jurisdictions.
This large mushroom shape can also be found in buttons for use with operators who need to wear gloves for their work and could not actuate a regular flush-mounted push button. As an aid for operators and users in industrial or commercial applications, typically this light is included into the center of the pushbutton and a lens replaces the pushbutton hard center disk.
The source of the energy to illuminate the light is not directly tied to the contacts on the back of the pushbutton, in popular culture, the phrase the button refers to a button that a military or government leader could press to launch nuclear weapons.
Touchpad — Touchpads are a common feature of laptop computers, and are also used as a substitute for a mouse where desk space is scarce. Because they vary in size, they can also be found on personal digital assistants, wireless touchpads are also available as detached accessories.
Touchpads operate in one of several ways, including capacitive sensing, the most common technology used as of entails sensing the capacitive virtual ground effect of a finger, or the capacitance between sensors.
Capacitance-based touchpads will not sense the tip of a pencil or other similar implement, gloved fingers may also be problematic. While touchpads, like touchscreens, are able to sense absolute position, resolution is limited by their size, hardware buttons equivalent to a standard mouses left and right buttons are positioned below, above, or beside the touchpad.
Some touchpads and associated device driver software may interpret tapping the pad as a click, Tactile touchpads allow for clicking and dragging by incorporating button functionality into the surface of the touchpad itself.
To select, one presses down on the touchpad instead of a physical button, to drag, instead performing the click-and-a-half technique, one presses down while on the object, drags without releasing pressure and lets go when done.
Touchpad drivers can also allow the use of fingers to facilitate the other mouse buttons.
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In, the Japanese firm NTT DoCoMo released the first smartphones to achieve mass adoption within a country, smartphones became widespread in the late s. Most of those produced from onward have high-speed mobile broadband 4G LTE, motion sensors, in the third quarter of, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide.
Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for regular cell phones in early, devices that combined telephony and computing were first conceptualized by Nikola Tesla in and Theodore Paraskevakos in and patented in, and were offered for sale beginning in Paraskevakos was the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing and they were installed at Peoples Telephone Company in Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several telephone companies.
The original and historic working models are still in the possession of Paraskevakos, the first mobile phone to incorporate PDA features was a prototype developed by Frank Canova in while at IBM and demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade show.
It included PDA features and other mobile applications such as maps, stock reports. A refined version was marketed to consumers in by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator, the Simon was the first commercially available device that could be properly referred to as a smartphone, although it was not called that in The two components were attached by a hinge in what known as a clamshell design, with the display above.
The PDA provided e-mail, calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications, text-based Web browsing, when closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular phone.
The first device marketed as a smartphone, it combined the functions of a phone and PDA. Form factor mobile phones — The form factor of a mobile phone is its size, shape, and style, as well as the layout and position of its major components.
The name is derived from the resemblance to a chocolate bar in size. This form factor is used by a variety of manufacturers, such as Nokia. Bar type mobile phones commonly have the screen and keypad on a single face, the Samsung SPH-M has a unique bar style, offering different devices on either side of the bar, a phone on one side, and a digital audio player on the other.
Sony Ericsson also had a well-known MarsBar phone model CM-H, brick is a slang term almost always used to refer to large, outdated bar-type phones, typically early mobile phones with large batteries and electronics.
Such early mobile phones, such as the Motorola DynaTAC, have been displaced by newer models which offer greater portability thanks to smaller antennas. A slate or touchscreen phone is a subset of the bar form that, like a computer, has few physical buttons, instead relying upon a touchscreen.
The first commercially available touchscreen phone was the IBM Simon Personal Communicator, the iPhone released in is largely responsible for the influence and achievement of this design as it is currently conceived.
Since mids almost all come in touchscreen slate form. Phablets typically have screens that measure between 5. When flipped open, the speaker and microphone are placed closer to the operators ear and mouth.
When flipped shut, the phone becomes smaller and more portable than when it is opened for use. Motorola was once owner of a trademark for the flip phone. Motorola was the manufacturer of the famed StarTAC flip phone, in, Motorola introduced a different kind of flip phone with its Backflip smartphone.
When closed, one side is the screen and the other is a physical QWERTY keyboard, the hinge is on a long edge of the phone instead of a short edge, and when flipped out the screen is above the keyboard.
Clamshell came to be used as generic for this form factor, flip phone referred to phones that opened on the vertical axis. Mobile operating system — A mobile operating system is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, or other mobile devices.
This distinction is becoming blurred in some operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses. So-called mobile operating systems, or even only smartphones running them, Mobile operating systems, are now, as of late, the most used kind, with traditional desktop OS, now a minority used kind, see usage share of operating systems.
However, variations occur in popularity by regions, while desktop-minority also applies on some days in e. By the end of, over million smartphones were sold with Research has shown that these systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.
Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones and smartphones, — The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, has a touchscreen, email, and PDA features.
Android operating system — Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.
Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2. In September, Android had 1. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location.
The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc.
In July, Google acquired Android Inc. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel.
Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation.
Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December In September, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23, Since, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features.
Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions.
Unveiled on October 19,, Android 4, as part of these efforts, Android 4. However, critics felt that some of Android 4. An official launch event for Android 4. However, out of respect for the death of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, Google and Samsung postponed the event to October 19,, Android 4.
Andy Rubin explained that 4. User studies concluded that the existing Android interface was too complicated, the overall visual appearance of Android was streamlined for Ice Cream Sandwich, building upon the changes made on the tablet-oriented Android 3.
For Ice Cream Sandwich, his team aimed to provide interface design guidelines which would evoke a modern appearance, the Galaxy Nexus was the first Android device to ship with Android 4.
On March 29,, Android 4. Ice Cream Sandwich also introduces a new system font, Roboto, designed in-house to replace the Droid font family. As with Honeycomb, devices can render navigation buttons—Back, Home, hardware Search buttons are also deprecated, in favor of search buttons within action bars.
On devices without a Menu key, a temporary Menu key is displayed on-screen while running apps that are not coded to support the new navigation scheme, on devices that use a hardware Menu key, action overflow buttons are hidden in apps and are mapped to the Menu key.
Folders of apps can be formed by dragging an app and hovering it over another, the app drawer is split into two tabs, one for apps, and the latter holding widgets to be placed on home screen pages.
Widgets themselves can be resizable and contain scrolling content, the phone app was updated with a Holo design, the ability to send pre-configured text message responses in response to incoming calls, and visual voicemail integration within the call log display.
The camera app was redesigned, with a reduction in shutter lag, face detection, a new mode. The photo gallery app now contains basic editing tools. Two versions of Sense were developed for Android 4.
It debuted on the T-Mobile myTouch 3G and the T-Mobile myTouch 4G and it features all of the widgets and apps of regular Sense, but the color of apps and certain interface elements are blue instead of green.
Pushed in apps appear on the home screen, Sense 2. This version introduced HTC Watch, a streaming service. Additional lockscreen styles included widgets that display content such as weather and it also features 3D homescreen transition effects when swiping among homescreens.
Legacy HTC devices that received updates to Android 4. Many aspects of the Sense interface were modified to resemble the standard Android interface, a new application switcher using cards, updated stock apps.
It ran on top of Android 4. Based on Android 4. Android Jelly Bean — The first of these three,4. These changes allow the system to run at a full 60 frames per second on capable hardware.
On October 29,, Google unveiled Android 4. Visually, Jelly Beans interface reflects a refinement of the Holo appearance introduced by Android 4. The default home screen of Jelly Bean received new features, such as the ability for other shortcuts and widgets on a home page to re-arrange themselves to fit an item being moved or resized.
Notifications can also be disabled individually per-app, Android 4. The previous Browser application was officially deprecated on 4. On tablets, Android 4. Small tablets on Android are optimized primarily for use in a portrait orientation, when used in a landscape orientation, apps adjust themselves into the widescreen-oriented layouts seen on larger tablets.
On large tablets, navigation buttons were placed in the bottom-left of a bar along the bottom of the screen, with the clock. Android Beam can now also be used to initiate Bluetooth file transfers through near-field communication, Android 4.
A new NFC stack was added at the same time, Android 4. System on a chip — A system on a chip or system on chip is an integrated circuit that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic systems.
It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions—all on a single substrate, SoCs are very common in the mobile computing market because of their low power-consumption.
A typical application is in the area of embedded systems, the contrast with a microcontroller, SoC integrates microcontroller with advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit, Wi-Fi module, or coprocessor.
As long as we remember that the SoC does not necessarily contain built-in memory, in general, we can distinguish three types of SoC. When it is not feasible to construct a SoC for a particular application, in large volumes, SoC is believed to be more cost-effective than SiP since it increases the yield of the fabrication and because its packaging is simpler.
Another option, as seen for example in cell phones, is package on package stacking during board assembly. The SoC includes processors and numerous digital peripherals, and comes in a ball grid package with lower and upper connections.
The lower balls connect to the board and various peripherals, with the balls in a ring holding the memory buses used to access NAND flash. Memory packages could come from multiple vendors, DMA controllers route data directly between external interfaces and memory, bypassing the processor core and thereby increasing the data throughput of the SoC.
A SoC consists of both the hardware, described above, and the controlling the microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP cores, peripherals. The design flow for a SoC aims to develop hardware and software in parallel.
Most SoCs are developed from pre-qualified hardware blocks for the elements described above. Of particular importance are the protocol stacks that drive industry-standard interfaces like USB, the hardware blocks are put together using CAD tools, the software modules are integrated using a software-development environment.
Once the architecture of the SoC has been defined, any new elements are written in an abstract language termed RTL which defines the circuit behaviour. These elements are connected together in the same RTL language to create the full SoC design, chips are verified for logical correctness before being sent to foundry.
This process is called functional verification and it accounts for a significant portion of the time, with the growing complexity of chips, hardware verification languages like SystemVerilog, SystemC, e, and OpenVera are being used.
Bugs found in the stage are reported to the designer. It designs graphics processing units for the market, as well as system on a chip units for the mobile computing.
Since, Nvidia has shifted to become a company focused on four markets — gaming, professional visualization, data centers. In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides parallel processing capabilities to researchers and they are deployed in supercomputing sites around the world.
More recently, It has moved into the computing market. Autumn saw the release of the GeForce, most notably introducing on-board transformation, running at MHz and featuring four pixel pipelines, it implemented advanced video acceleration, motion compensation and hardware sub-picture alpha blending.
However, the project drew the time of many of its best engineers away from other projects, in the short term this did not matter, and the GeForce2 GTS shipped in the summer of In December, Nvidia reached an agreement to acquire the assets of its one-time rival 3dfx.
The acquisition process was finalized in April, in July, Nvidia acquired Exluna for an undisclosed sum. This practice contrasted with its business arrangement with Microsoft, in which Nvidia managed production, meanwhile, in May Microsoft chose to license a design by ATI and to make its own manufacturing arrangements for the Xbox graphics hardware, as had Nintendo for the Wii console.
Tegra — Tegra is a system on a chip series developed by Nvidia for mobile devices such as smartphones, personal digital assistants, and mobile Internet devices. The Tegra integrates an ARM architecture central processing unit, graphics processing unit, northbridge, southbridge, early Tegra SoCs are designed as efficient multimedia processors, while more recent models emphasize gaming performance without sacrificing power efficiency.
The APX chips were designed for smartphones, while the Tegra and chips were intended for smartbooks, the first product to use the Tegra was Microsofts Zune HD media player in September, followed by the Samsung M1.
Microsofts KIN was the first cellular phone to use the Tegra, however, in September, Nvidia and Opera Software announced that they would produce a version of the Opera 9.
Early benchmark results show impressive gains over Tegra 2, and the chip was used in many of the released in the second half of In January, Nvidia announced that Audi had selected the Tegra 3 processor for its in-vehicle infotainment systems, the processor will be integrated into Audis entire line of vehicles worldwide, beginning in In summer of Tesla Motors began shipping the Model S all electric, high performance sedan, one VCM powers the inch touchscreen infotainment system, and one drives the There is a version of the Tegra 2 SoC supporting 3D displays, the Tegra 2 video decoder is largely unchanged from the original Tegra and has limited support for HD formats.
The lack of support for high-profile H. While all cores are Cortex-A9s, the core is manufactured with a low-power silicon process. This core operates transparently to applications and is used to power consumption when processing load is minimal.
Central processing unit — The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip.
An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets.
Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources.
Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types.
Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities.
This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines.
Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory.
Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely.
In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs.
Clock signal frequencies ranging from kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices.
Graphics processing unit — GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. Arcade system boards have been using specialized graphics chips since the s, in early video game hardware, the RAM for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor.
Fujitsus MB video shifter was used to accelerate the drawing of sprite graphics for various s arcade games from Taito and Midway, such as Gun Fight, Sea Wolf, the Namco Galaxian arcade system in used specialized graphics hardware supporting RGB color, multi-colored sprites and tilemap backgrounds.
In the home market, the Atari in used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor, machine code subroutines could be triggered on scan lines by setting a bit on a display list instruction.
ANTIC also supported smooth vertical and horizontal scrolling independent of the CPU and it became one of the best known of what were known as graphics processing units in the s.
The Williams Electronics arcade games Robotron,, Joust, Sinistar, in, the Commodore Amiga featured a custom graphics chip, with a blitter unit accelerating bitmap manipulation, line draw, and area fill functions.
Also included is a coprocessor with its own instruction set, capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam. In, Texas Instruments released the TMS, the first microprocessor with on-chip graphics capabilities and it could run general-purpose code, but it had a very graphics-oriented instruction set.
In, this chip would become the basis of the Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture Windows accelerator cards, in, the IBM graphics system was released as one of the first video cards for IBM PC compatibles to implement fixed-function 2D primitives in electronic hardware.
Fujitsu later competed with the FM Towns computer, released in with support for a full 16,, color palette, in, the first dedicated polygonal 3D graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the Namco System 21 and Taito Air System.
In, S3 Graphics introduced the S3 86C, which its designers named after the Porsche as an implication of the performance increase it promised. The 86C spawned a host of imitators, by, all major PC graphics chip makers had added 2D acceleration support to their chips.
By this time, fixed-function Windows accelerators had surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, throughout the s, 2D GUI acceleration continued to evolve.
Random-access memory — Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage which stores frequently used program instructions to increase the general speed of a system.
A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the location of data inside the memory. RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry.
Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, in todays technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally associated with types of memory, where stored information is lost if power is removed.
Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow access for read operations. Integrated-circuit RAM chips came into the market in the early s, with the first commercially available DRAM chip, early computers used relays, mechanical counters or delay lines for main memory functions.
Ultrasonic delay lines could only reproduce data in the order it was written, drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items required knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed.
Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers. Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data, the first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube, since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access.
The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was smaller, faster. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the SSEM, magnetic-core memory was invented in and developed up until the mids.
It became a form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each rings magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring, since every ring had a combination of address wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence was possible.
Magnetic core memory was the form of memory system until displaced by solid-state memory in integrated circuits. Data was stored in the capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away.
Battery electricity — An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to a circuit will flow. It is the movement of ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Historically the term specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells. Primary batteries are used once and discarded, the materials are irreversibly changed during discharge.
Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries have much lower energy than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work. The usage of battery to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, alessandro Volta built and described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions.
Although early batteries were of value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated. It consisted of a pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid.
These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Pixel — The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates.
LCD pixels are manufactured in a grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an image, more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original.
The intensity of each pixel is variable, in color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix and el, the word pixel was first published in by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the elements of video images from space probes to the Moon.
Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. The word is a combination of pix, for picture, the word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.
By, pix was being used in reference to pictures by photojournalists. The concept of a picture element dates to the earliest days of television, some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel, for example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC.
A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image, however, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be printed pixels in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera.
This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, Pixels can be used as a unit of measure such as, pixels per inch, pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with ppi on a dpi inkjet printer, even higher dpi numbers, such as the dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution.
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original, the number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition.
The pixels, or color samples, that form an image may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels. In computing, a composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image.
Pixel density — Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devices have square pixels, but differ on devices that have non-square pixels. The lowest acceptable quality factor is considered 1.
An absorbent paper surface, uncoated recycled paper for instance, lets ink droplets spread —so requires a more open printing screen, input resolution can therefore be reduced to minimize file size without loss in quality, as long as the quality factor of 2 is maintained.
This is easily determined by doubling the line frequency, for example, printing on an uncoated paper stock often limits printing screen frequency to no more than lpi, therefore, a quality factor of 2 is achieved with images of ppi.
The PPI of a display is related to the size of the display in inches. This measurement is referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer.
This figure is determined by dividing the width of the area in pixels by the width of the display area in inches. It is possible for a display to have different horizontal and vertical PPI measurements, the dot pitch of a computer display determines the absolute limit of possible pixel density.
In January, Kopin Corporation announced a 0. In they followed this up with a DPI0. This distinction is becoming blurred in some operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses.
So-called mobile operating systems, or even only smartphones running them, Mobile operating systems, are now, as of late, the most used kind, with traditional desktop OS, now a minority used kind, see usage share of operating systems.
However, variations occur in popularity by regions, while desktop-minority also applies on some days in e. By the end of, over million smartphones were sold with Research has shown that these systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain high levels of control over the mobile device.
Mobile operating system milestones mirror the development of mobile phones and smartphones, — The first smartphone, the IBM Simon, has a touchscreen, email, and PDA features. Central processing unit — The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early s.
The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip.
An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets.
Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources.
Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types.
Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities.
This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines.
Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory.
Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely.
In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs.
Clock signal frequencies ranging from kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices.
Qualcomm — Qualcomm is an American multinational semiconductor and telecommunications equipment company that designs and markets wireless telecommunications products and services.
It derives most of its revenue from chipmaking and the bulk of its profit from patent licensing businesses, the company headquarters are located in San Diego, California, United States, and has worldwide locations.
In, Qualcomm began the design of the first CDMA-based cellular base station and this work began as a study contract from AirTouch which was facing a shortage of cellular capacity in Los Angeles.
Two years later Qualcomm began to manufacture CDMA cell phones, base stations, the initial base stations were not reliable and the technology was licensed wholly to Nortel in return for their work in improving the base station switching.
The naming rights belong to Qualcomm until In, Qualcomm sold its base station business to Ericsson, the company was now focused on developing and licensing wireless technologies and selling ASICs that implement them.
Steve Mollenkopf was promoted to president and chief operating officer of the company, mollenkopfs appointment as CEO was announced on December 13, and took effect on March 4, He succeeded Paul E.
However, surprised by the release of the bit Apple A7 in September, furthermore, Qualcomm was facing anti-trust investigations in China, the European Union, and the United States.
The combination of pressures caused a significant fall in Qualcomms profits. In July, the company cut 4, jobs or about 15 percent of its 31, current workforce due to decline of sales, executive management knew this was coming so they came up with a plan to retain its employees.
However, instead of paying reasonable salary, executive management used this plan as a justification to give themselves a big payout first and then lay off employees later. In December, Qualcomm Inc.
Qualcomm Snapdragon — Snapdragon is a suite of system on a chip semiconductor products designed and marketed by Qualcomm for mobile devices. Snapdragon semiconductors are embedded in devices of various systems, including Google Android mobile and they are also used for netbooks, in cars, wearable devices and other devices.
The first Snapdragon product to be available to consumer device manufacturers was the QSD It included the first 1 GHz processor for mobile phones, Qualcomm introduced its Krait microarchitecture in the second generation of Snapdragon SoCs in, allowing each processor core to adjust its speed based on the devices needs.
At the Consumer Electronics Show, Qualcomm introduced the first of the Snapdragon series, several new iterations have been introduced since, such as the Snapdragon,, and Qualcomm re-branded its modem products under the Snapdragon name in December, Qualcomm announced it was developing the Scorpion central processing unit in November The Snapdragon system on chip was announced in November and included the Scorpion processor and this also included Qualcomms first custom Hexagon digital signal processor.
According to a Qualcomm spokesperson, it was named Snapdragon, because Snap and Dragon sounded fast, the following month, Qualcomm acquired Airgo Networks for an undisclosed amount, it said Airgos Early versions of Scorpion had a core design similar to the Cortex-A8.
Most smartphones at the time were using MHz processors, the first generation of Snapdragon products supported a p resolution, 3D graphics and a megapixel camera. By November,15 device manufacturers decided to embed Snapdragon semiconductors in their electronics products.
In November, Qualcomm announced it would compete against Intel in the netbook processor market with dual-core Snapdragon system-on-chips planned for late It demonstrated a Snapdragon processor that consumed less power than Intel chips announced around the same time and that same month, Qualcomm introduced a Snapdragon-based protoytpe netbook called Kayak that used 1.
It featured a 1. Lenovo announced the first netbook product using Snapdragon SoCs that December, according to PC World, mobile devices using Snapdragon had better battery life and were smaller in size than those using other SoCs.
By June, Snapdragon chips were embedded in 20 available consumer devices, Apple had a dominant market position for smartphones at the time and did not incorporate Snapdragon into any of its products.
Megabyte — The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB, but sometimes MByte is used, the unit prefix mega is a multiplier of in the International System of Units.
Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information and this definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities. However, in the computer and information fields, several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience.
A common usage has been to one megabyte as bytes. The megabyte is commonly used to measure either bytes or bytes, the interpretation of using base originated as a compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name.
As approximates, roughly corresponding to the SI prefix kilo-, in the International Electrotechnical Commission proposed standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to strictly denote bytes and mebibyte to denote bytes.
This definition is synonymous with the binary prefix mebibyte. Semiconductor memory doubles in size for each address lane added to an integrated circuit package, the capacity of a disk drive is the product of the sector size, number of sectors per track, number of tracks per side, and the number of disk platters in the drive.
Changes in any of these factors would not usually double the size, sector sizes were set as powers of two for convenience in processing. It was an extension to give the capacity of a disk drive in multiples of the sector size, giving a mix of decimal.
Depending on compression methods and file format, a megabyte of data can roughly be, a 4 megapixel JPEG image with normal compression. Random-access memory — Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage which stores frequently used program instructions to increase the general speed of a system.
A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the location of data inside the memory. RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry.
Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, in todays technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. RAM is normally associated with types of memory, where stored information is lost if power is removed.
Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow access for read operations. Integrated-circuit RAM chips came into the market in the early s, with the first commercially available DRAM chip, early computers used relays, mechanical counters or delay lines for main memory functions.
Ultrasonic delay lines could only reproduce data in the order it was written, drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items required knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed.
Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers. Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data, the first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube, since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access.
The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was smaller, faster. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the SSEM, magnetic-core memory was invented in and developed up until the mids.
It became a form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each rings magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring, since every ring had a combination of address wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence was possible.
Magnetic core memory was the form of memory system until displaced by solid-state memory in integrated circuits. Data was stored in the capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away.
Gigabyte — The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.
However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote bytes. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity.
The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either bytes or bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name.
As is approximately, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote bytes and gibibyte denote bytes.
The file manager of Mac OS X version The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte.
Since the first disk drive, the IBM, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as GB.
The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as bytes.
Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, GB might be reported by the operating system as GB, meaning GiB.
As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.
The standard was introduced in August by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic and Toshiba as an improvement over MultiMediaCards, and has become the industry standard.
SDA today has about 1, member companies, the SDA uses several trademarked logos owned and licensed by SD-3C to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility. There are many combinations of factors and device families, although as of The three form factors are the size, the mini size, and the micro size.
Electrically passive adapters allow a card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card. The SD cards small footprint is a storage medium for smaller, thinner. The second-generation Secure Digital card was developed to improve on the MultiMediaCard standard, which continued to evolve, Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways, Asymmetrical slots in the sides of the SD card prevent inserting it upside down.
Most SD cards are 2. The SD specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of MMC, for a comparison table, see below. While MMC uses a pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates.
The SD card added Content Protection for Recordable Media security circuitry for digital rights management content-protection, full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other.
Flash memory — Flash memory is electronic non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The individual flash memory cells exhibit internal characteristics similar to those of the corresponding gates, where EPROMs had to be completely erased before being rewritten, NAND-type flash memory may be written and read in blocks which are generally much smaller than the entire device.
One key disadvantage of flash memory is that it can endure a relatively small number of write cycles in a specific block. Because erase cycles are slow, the block sizes used in flash memory erasing give it a significant speed advantage over non-flash EEPROM when writing large amounts of data.
As of, flash memory costs much less than byte-programmable EEPROM and had become the dominant memory type wherever a system required a significant amount of non-volatile solid-state storage, Flash memory was invented by Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba circa NOR-based flash has long erase and write times, but provides full address and data buses, allowing random access to any memory location.
This makes it a replacement for older read-only memory chips. Its endurance may be from as little as erase cycles for a flash memory, to a more typical 10, or, erase cycles. Rather, data must be read on a basis, with typical block sizes of hundreds to thousands of bits.
In this regard, NAND flash is similar to other data storage devices, such as hard disks and optical media. Battery electricity — An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to a circuit will flow. It is the movement of ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Historically the term specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells. Primary batteries are used once and discarded, the materials are irreversibly changed during discharge.
Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries have much lower energy than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work. The usage of battery to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, alessandro Volta built and described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions.
Although early batteries were of value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated. It consisted of a pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid.
These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Ampere hour — The commonly seen milliampere hour is one-thousandth of an ampere hour.
The ampere hour is used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating. A milliampere second is a unit of measure used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging and this quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage.
The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current, an ampere hour is not a unit of energy. In a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered over the discharge interval, generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge, an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power.
The Faraday constant is the charge on one mole of electrons and it is used in electrochemical calculations. An AA size dry cell has a capacity of about 2 to 3 ampere hours, automotive car batteries vary in capacity but a large automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine would have about a 50 ampere hour battery capacity.
Since one ampere hour can produce 0. Rechargeable battery — It is composed of one or more electrochemical cells. The term accumulator is used as it accumulates and stores energy through an electrochemical reaction.
Rechargeable batteries are produced in different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network.
Several different combinations of materials and electrolytes are used, including lead—acid, nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the sizes and voltages as disposable types.
Devices which use rechargeable batteries include automobile starters, portable devices, light vehicles, tools, uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications in hybrid internal combustion-battery and electric vehicles drive the technology to reduce cost, weight, and size, Battery storage power stations use rechargeable batteries for load-leveling and for renewable energy uses.
Load-leveling reduces the power which a plant must be able to generate, reducing capital cost. The US National Electrical Manufacturers Association estimated in that US demand for batteries was growing twice as fast as demand for disposables.
Small rechargeable batteries can power portable devices, power tools, appliances. Heavy-duty batteries power electric vehicles, ranging from scooters to locomotives and they are used in distributed electricity generation and in stand-alone power systems.
During charging, the active material is oxidized, producing electrons. These electrons constitute the current flow in the external circuit, the energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicles volt DC power outlet.
Regardless, to energy in a secondary cell, it has to be connected to a DC voltage source. The negative terminal of the cell has to be connected to the terminal of the voltage source. Chargers take from a few minutes to several hours to charge a battery, slow dumb chargers without voltage or temperature-sensing capabilities will charge at a low rate, typically taking 14 hours or more to reach a full charge.
Rapid chargers can typically charge cells in two to five hours, depending on the model, with the fastest taking as little as fifteen minutes, fast chargers must have multiple ways of detecting when a cell reaches full charge to stop charging before harmful overcharging or overheating occurs.
The fastest chargers often incorporate cooling fans to keep the cells from overheating, Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by referencing a C rate of current. Lithium-ion battery — A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, the electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics and they are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge.
Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle, for example, lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead—acid batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles.
Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types, handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide, which offers high energy density, but presents safety risks, especially when damaged.
Lithium iron phosphate, lithium ion manganese oxide battery and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide offer lower energy density, such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment and other roles.
NMC in particular is a contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and lithium titanate are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles, the newer lithium—sulfur batteries promise the highest performance-to-weight ratio.
Lithium-ion batteries can pose unique safety hazards since they contain a flammable electrolyte, an expert notes If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires.
Because of these risks, testing standards are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, there have been battery-related recalls by some companies, including the Samsung Note 7 recall for battery fires.
This article covers just the topics and general principles of lithium-ion batteries. Nearly all facets have elements that are impacted by currently very active development or research, a cell is a basic electrochemical unit that contains the basic components, such as electrodes, separator, and electrolyte.
In the case of cells, this is the single cylindrical, prismatic or pouch unit. In this regard, the simplest battery is a cell with perhaps a small electronic circuit for protection. In many cases, distinguishing between cell and battery is not important, however, this should be done when dealing with specific applications, for example, battery electric vehicles, where battery may indicate a high voltage system of V, and not a single cell.
The term module is used as an intermediate topology, with the understanding that a battery pack is made of modules. In electrochemistry, the anode is the electrode where oxidation is taking place in the battery, i.
Historically, for lithium cells, which started as single use discharge cells and this is true on discharge, but with a rechargeable system, the negative electrode chemically becomes the cathode while charging.
Multi-touch — In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface. This plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures, the use of touchscreen technology to control electronic devices pre-dates multi-touch technology and the personal computer.
Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments, early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time.
On-screen keyboards were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover and holding down a key while typing another were not possible. In a handwritten note dated 11 March, Stumpe presented his proposed solution — a capacitive touch screen with a number of programmable buttons presented on a display.
The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass — fine enough, in the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors.
In, MIT described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection, in the early s, The University of Torontos Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems.
A system at the University of Toronto used a panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more spots on an otherwise white background.
Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure, the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well, of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics.
In, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a discussion of touch-screen based interfaces. By, both Bell Labs and Carnegie Mellon University had working multi-touch-screen prototypes — both input and graphics — that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs, the Bell Labs system was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical.
In, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, an advance occurred in, when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch Digital Desk, which supported multi-finger and pinching motions.
Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century, the company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies between and, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad.
Several studies of technology were published in the early s by Alan Hedge, professor of human factors. Apple acquired Fingerworks and its technology in Touchscreen — A touchscreen is a input and output device normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system.
The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather using a mouse, touchpad. Touchscreens are common in such as game consoles, personal computers, tablet computers, electronic voting machines, point of sale systems.
They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals and they also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants and some e-readers.
The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable. The application of technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in A resistive touchscreen was developed by American inventor George Samuel Hurst, the first version was produced in This arrangement can sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen, a similar touchscreen was used on the HP starting in, this was one of the worlds earliest commercial touchscreen computers.
HP mounted their infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9 Sony Cathode Ray Tube, in, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16, to deal with the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics.
In, Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG video game console and it consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where the pen presses are detected.
It was used primarily for a software application. A graphic touch tablet was released for the Sega AI Computer in, touch-sensitive Control-Display Units were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early s.
In, the University of Toronto group including Bill Buxton developed a tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems.
In, the first graphical point of sale software was demonstrated on the bit Atari ST color computer and it featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.
In, Casio launched the Casio PB pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4x4 matrix, until touchscreens had the bad reputation of being imprecise. Accelerometer — An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, proper acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration.
For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earths gravity, by contrast, accelerometers in free fall will measure zero.
Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science, highly sensitive accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles.
Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration in rotating machinery, accelerometers are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are always displayed upright.
Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation, coordinated accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space, i.
This gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect, micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or provide for game input.
An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Put another way, at any point in spacetime the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of an inertial frame.
Such accelerations are popularly denoted g-force, i. The reason for the appearance of an offset is Einsteins equivalence principle. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall and this includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic zero-g arc, or any free-fall in vacuum.
Another example is free-fall at a high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected. However this does not include a fall in air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration.
At terminal velocity the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards, Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second, in the cgs unit gal, or popularly in terms of standard gravity.
For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in a navigation system. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, conceptually, an accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring.
When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration, the mass is displaced to the point that the spring is able to accelerate the mass at the rate as the casing.
The displacement is measured to give the acceleration. Magnetometer — A compass is a simple example of a magnetometer, one that measures the direction of an ambient magnetic field.
Magnetometers are widely used for measuring the Earths magnetic field and in geophysical surveys to detect anomalies of various types. They are also used in the military to detect submarines, consequently, some countries, such as the United States, Canada and Australia, classify the more sensitive magnetometers as military technology, and control their distribution.
Magnetic fields are vector quantities characterized by strength and direction. The strength of a field is measured in units of tesla in the SI units.
With DSE Online current record of a few weeks delivery time, of which by that time, it would have cost around that price or better offers would've become available. I agree though ds doesn't have a good record when it coms to delivery times.
A friend of mine pre-ordered a Galaxy S5 last week and got it on the release day which was Friday so it only took a day or I just ordered my HTC M8 will let you know how long it takes I just placed an order on the dicksmith website and about half an hour later I got an email from them saying my order had been canceled.
Please be advised that we are having difficulties processing your order and your transaction has been unsuccessful. Press them on it and they should honour it. There's nothing in terms and conditions for them not to honour it.
The gs5 is excluded in this sale, but people have managed to get the code to apply the discount for it aswell. While I doubt they'll bring it to Australia this will be awesome for people who are just going to throw it in a case anyway.
Dam that is really quick indeed, now I wish I had bought it on the weekend too. Does the phone come with the HTC case? Also can you tell me if the camera shutter sound can be silenced?
Awesome, I was at JB today, the sales person told me the phone doesn't come with the case, which was different from what I thought. This clears things up for me. I always have my phone on me and it gets used a lot.
It comes with a black soft plastic case. Not the dot view one just to clear things up as quite a few people thought it did. Just received mine from Dick Smith that's what I call service And whats good also phone isn't from Telstra, Vodafone Etc Might go get one from Dick Smith before heading overseas this weekend.
I take it the handset is no different to those sold by Vodafone or Telstra. I had the M7 for 6 months and never got any scratches. The only problem was the white matte strips and the edges, which had light stains.
It's the same without the bloatware and gets updates faster I believe? I have the M7 purchased outright from JB Hi Fi and even though unbranded, does not get updates before all carriers have signed off on them; and I imagine the M8 will be the same.
My question was more around whether the hardware radio bands is any different c. Is a screen protector included with the package too? I take it all back. I went back into my local store and the attendant not on the phone was chatty and pleasant.
I was told that I wouldn't be able to buy the phone outright from that particular store until May. However, the longer I wait, the less desperate I become for a new phone.
Having put a new ROM on my old Galaxy S3, and a nice new screen protector, the phone looks newer than it did. So I can wait until the One M8 comes down in price, has stock Android, or even until something better comes along the OnePlus One looks pretty yummy on specs at least Those that got the dot view case included in the price when purchasing from Dick Smith; was the case inside the box?
Haven't unboxed my phone yet, just curious: Basic gel case will be in the box, dot view would be a separate package. Don't mind the basic gel case. I do see what people mean about the volume button being in an awkward position though; combined with a satisfying "click" that the buttons on this phone have; I've been changing the volume on my device 3 out of 5 times I pick it up!
DSE with should be better, but will be branded. Neithers the one I bought from Warrnambools Optus store outright for the band. Not one Optus application found. For every item I have salary sacrificed so far; the item cost has been reimbursed to be inclusive of GST and the deductions to recoup the cost from my pay check have been ex-GST.
It is hard to tell on their website as it goes to a list of 3 very basic phones. It is valid until tomorrow. Is the Dot View case still included in the Vodafone contracts?
It doesn't say on their website, but I wonder if it was just an in-store promo? Is the silver coloured m8 available at any retailers? Have only seen the gun metal one so far.
Not sure anyone found this phone looks nice but way too expensive for its specs. Prices have gone up due to exchange rate differences. Archive View Return to standard view.
Was it a grey import? This is a sound idea. Do you have a link to where Telstra are offering the M8 for outright purchase? You could buy it here, but then it doesn't work out better than buying locally.
I purchased Aussie stock from exeltek. And the service centre is fonebiz. Actually just to reiterate, a quick comparison with deal you can get locally. Does anyone know when the Google Play edition will launch here?
Google Play edition will launch here? Unfortunately we probably won't get that option. I am happy to be proved wrong. Will likely sell my M7 and get the M8. Not too bad for a 32GB, but this is for the 16GB scotsman writes I think I'll stick with my HOne for another year and indulge in a Nexus 5 soon: Why would anyone pay double for 16gb HTC one over 32 go n5?
Works out roughly the same as buying outright and going prepaid. Plan is the best way to go. There definitely will be, the only problem is that you might have to wait.
Haha — good point Crazy Yes its cheaper outright, but meh Still works out better than getting the phone on any 24 month contract It works out cheaper overall but you are ignoring the next 12 months of paying for calls, txt and data?
No contract beats any contract. I think the price is a bit high on M I'm not sure why HTC still insist on ultrapixels Bonus offer is available with Online Pre-Orders only.
I'll keep an eye out at other retailers. Best deal I can see on a plan is Vodafone 1. Hmm I could use my Harvey Norman Voucher, but yeah, that's very pricey. How is that a saving if Telstra are selling the phone for Prices aren't looking too good.
I'm still getting one: P I'm still interested in it, but probably not getting it day one. It only really benefits those who get more than 1 phone a year — like you: D Maybe I could give the whole prepaid thing a go — but the only one ive used is Amaysim for value for money — and compared to being on Vodafone contract, Amaysim comes off a poor second.
Actually while im at it — who do you guys use for your prepaid provider? Been with Vodafone for 6 years and the last 4 years have been pretty damn good. Me too but not getting my hopes up.
I assume they would. Anyway, I always root my phones so not really an issue for me I bought an unbranded M7 from Harvey Norman Harvey Norman sold both, Optus and unbranded At least the 64gb from them was.
Would love to know where to find cheaper unbranded. Not really when there are asshats that spend much more then that on the iPhone and even worse the 5C Yes but we all know iPhones are overpriced.
So at this point we can assume: Telstra shop wont sell them today Pretty annoying considering you are willing to recontract on their shitty plan for 2 years at a higher cost You know you can pre-order a re-contract?
Actually they probably dispatch them today so you get them tomorrow. It'll have the Telstra bootscreen and a few preloaded Telstra apps. So been calling around Sydney CBD. So if you want one from JB today you should be able to get it at World Square.
Yeah might wait till tomorrow to get from Telstra. Edit — telstra won't even let me look at it until tomorrow. All are saying no stock until tomorrow. M7 was the same, picture quality was shyte thoe.
About to head out to lunch to test one out. First time I'll get hands on with the M8. Faster than M7, and I liked the M7 pics: Fair call, not everyone is fussed about photo quality.
I'd prefer that over a phone full of touchwiz ; If I want an amazing photo, I have a multitude of real cameras I can take with me. Clearly they have no clue about what is going on.
I think JB has Telstra branded stock. Any bricks and mortars selling the dotview case separately? I think Dick Smith if they will stock the phone should have unbranded. Do dick smith even have the phone?
At this stage I'm not fully sold on the M8 but maybe I'll warm up to it, who knows. FYI — just got one from JB. I'm pretty sure DSE didn't stock the m7 till a week?
And the price is Should I just walk to whichever store is closer? I assume it's all the same hardware with just software variations. Ah yeah, good thinking. See what they say.
I'll be lining up alone.. I'm using KK on my current phone and that's the way it works, but maybe someone with the M8 can confirm My understanding is that it's normally an option with the default being internal not everyone will fit a card.
I didn't mind Blinkfeed. Just another news feed for me. I'd check it out every now and then. New one should be even better. Yes, you can save the photos to the external SD card whoever asked before Been playing with it for the past few hours.
Yes, you can save the photos to the external SD card whoever asked before Thanks: What's the best rom to flash it with if I end up with a Telstra branded m8.
Edit — still seems to support the extra telstra spectrum. Optus web site M8: They usually stop playing games once more stock is around. Hmm might buy from Optus then. Although I do had a telstra sim.
Just went to the shops. Mines with startrack and stuck in morwell. I hope it's not lost. Havent even had a look at it yet — but ill gladly take your word for it!
D I better have a shower and tidy up now It's still Damn sexy, just a step back on the design front against last year's. Feel free to move. I don't think the dot cases are available just yet. I want one too.
Hope its soon though. Ur speaking my mind, ye that is one of the setbacks of this phone. How many models of this phone are there? Just US and the rest of the world right?
Already some posts on here and the other main thread but it's officially on their website now. Wow just read this in they S5 thread: Guess I'll buy the M8 tomorrow with my 28 degrees master card.
Was this at a telstra? Did it take much prompting? You guys know what does this mean Cannot wait to get my hands on one. What's the best deal you got with Vodafone on 24 month contract?
Well for one, that we never get GPE phones in Australia. And two that we will probably get the ROM at some point: With half price access fees for the first four months Wait, how did you get that?
Wife went into our local Telstra shop Another poster mentioned one of the Perth CBD stores being sold out with preorders after saying they weren't doing in store preorders!
Gonna wait a bit. I can wait till next month methinks more ppl well have in stock. I can wait till next month methinks more ppl well have in stock Just get it from JB? Give it 12 months: Who wants this Telstra receipt for my M8.
I didn't even haggle. I got that price at the counter. Some of the online stores don't support band 28 MHz band just encase it was a requirement. It was preorders only.
Tried two stores in WA, They refused to price match it. Does anyone know whether the Teltra ones are locked to Telstra. Neither sell it outright online, but both should do it in store.
They'll sell it to you outright in store though. Didn't stop Google from setting the Nexus 5's price exactly the same as Nexus 4 the year before. This time it's not even Aussie tax. Grey imports aren't even cheaper this time.
I'm amazed by how quick Vodafone did with this phone. The earliest I expected to receive it was Friday but unlikely. More likely Monday next week. Good job, Voda and Aus Post! Wow, that's pretty outstanding!
Nexus is an exception, of course. There is no Australian 32gb right now. Going to have to take a scalpel to my sim though. And there is no GST on a Nexus 5 as its technically an overseas purchase.
So maybe our dollar is worth less to import now. That's more of an accurate assumption Black Dawg Down writes If you've own a M7 you wouldn't buy M8 teadrinker writes It has also stated that their position will be worse if it wasn't for M7, and that of the One series don't know if it includes Endeavour and or M7, certainly not M8 From these post of view, company CEO is doing a pretty good job.
It's going to do better than the m7. Because they are patriots. That's exactly what I did, going from M7 to N5. But I found Sense to be annoying on two key aspects: These issues may have been fixed in the M8, but I don't know.
They all have pro's and con's. Wonder what approx would the cost price be even for employee? I'll be finding out in about 5 mins. Hopefully it's in our system already.
I am about to find out cost price for myself. Yep, seems pretty slim margins So currently only Optus stock covers all the band? Lol that is quite terrible for staff rates.
Looks like the good guys are the cheapest for now. Lol that is quite terrible for staff rates That is the price the good guys pay to get it in. And on the subject of cost over 2 years: Sounds like I have finally found a M8 ; Ps.
Ah cheers, will give it a shot For a casual employee. There are always more levels of discount depending on your position within said organization. Maybe the boss will show you his discount rates if you suck up some more My Telstra supplies unit also has 5 LTE bands.
I saw the actual cost price from my boss. How many times do I need to say it? In store you can not sure about online sorry mate. Thanks for the quick reply. So I wouldn't worry about unbranded devices getting updates first — they won't.
Hey guys, It is now on mobileciti. Is shipping free or? Just noticed he uploaded it. It doesn't say Telstra it says Radcorp: Telstra branded Before I bought it I went to a Telstra store to ask if they could swap my Boost sim for a nano, and he said the M8 used a micro sim.
Local TGG showing stock this morning! Might have to swing past: Telstra branded If you can post your recipt that would be great! I have a phone! Can I get one for that price lol. It might not have bloatware but the m7 last year was the same but the CID was Voda.
Dude Gumtree Im in SA. When I search for the M8 absolutely nothing comes up: What are you talking about? My samsung doesn't allow app to install in sd After google reaearch, seems like only galaxy series doesn't allow app to be install in sd Others have pointed out the negatives of using Vodafone stock.
I'm with Telstra so what should I do. Anyone know where to buy the HTC car mount for this phone? Preferably online because I'm lazy. Edit thanks to Jjcl. I thought only the optus ones had, then someone said that they all do!!
Going to grab one now!! I'm with Telstra so what should I do Telstra being Telstra will have massive amounts of rolled out within one year of gaining spectrum in Long time lurker first time poster.
Anyhow, it's definitely zippy and the screen is very good. Anyone got the same price as me. I posted my receipt on here? Yeah they don't get a good rap really. PS I'm looking forward to my gold 1, my brother is back from China tonight with 1, now to view it and see if I should swap him Just triple check network compatibility.
Just triple check network compatibility. All is well, all bands. I just got my M8 from Harvey Norman and it is unbranded! Ok guys, help me out here. D So which online or regular retail store will have lowest advertised priced for M8 after 6 months Happy days Just wondering what price you got it for and also what Lte network frequencys does it have?
If you don't mind imported stock, maybe Kogan or Unique Mobiles. Mobileciti seems to be a decent choice Box doesnt say 4G on the front where mine does on the top right to the left of the htc logo Things to look out for: Good Guys, Optus would be your best bet.
JB sell telstra units. Very loud and clear even when walking around a busy shopping centre. Would you be able to post up a receipt please? D JB bound now! Got it for from an optus store in rundle mall.
Correct not for me as I have 1, but for others wanting that price. Got mine for from jbhifi thank you Mr insane!!! Comes with all of them. You won't get one. WWE worldwide unbranded, first to get updates are only sold in Europe.
Soon there will be soff so with supercid any Australian M8 can be transformed into any model This is true. UK stock is fine. I just asked if he can match a price in JB Queensland, he asked how much and said no worries.
I've done it with both Kogan and Mobicity. Apart from softwate differences is there any difference between telstra any HN versions? Plus Telstra units have a Telstra app which you can hide anyway unlike the unbranded units that just have no additional app s installed I'm seeing that Telstra versions are made in China too.
Another post from me. Harvey Norman got any 32gb unlocked? I don't believe they have released the 32GB model. It does have the mhz LTE band though. Realised this has been mentioned earlier, but thought to note the differences to Aus carrier models I'm still hoping for a 32GB model to be officially released in Australia.
P Yup, I got it for Very happy with this price. So which model and where has the most bands. That's not what is says on the box. Looks like false advertising? Are you sure only Europe? Isn't Asian model internationally unbranded?
I bought my m7 in Asia and it was internationally unbranded. I bought my m7 in Asia and it was internationally unbranded There's different internation unbranded models: I'm kind of new to 4g thing Anyone know which version of m8 that support virgin 4g and 4g plus?
Is it and? Anyone know which version of m8 that support virgin 4g and 4g plus? Get one from Optus. Hope you're all enjoying your new phones! As far as I know Virgin have no plans to release this phone on a plan.
Don't worry mate, that's retail in general. Ah well, guess I will keep my One XL for just a bit longer. If they still stick to it please make it MP with better lens For now I spent a new battery for my SGS3 to take me through to end of this year and put myself on some other cheap prepaid BYO after contract expires.
As its only on the plan, not on the phone repayment fees. As long as you don't import a version that doesn't support there bands of LTE. Is it true that only the grey version available across the whole australia?
But after calling few stores, all says the same even those online ones are all pre-order Compare to UK, they already have the 32GB gold version, not to mention US have developer and google version.
Dick Smith isn't part of Woolies anymore??? No they're are their own publicly listed company now. Trying to get my hands on one at the moment My card still works though: Hey all, personally i was going to order a developer edition and use a freight forwarder, seems to be reasonably priced, https: Hey all, personally i was going to order a developer edition and use a freight forwarder, seems to be reasonably priced, Be aware that you won't get 4G in australia.
So is the 32gb available in Aus yet? I keep hearing conflicting info! Nope not available yet. Show quoted I've just checked online, and can't see it yet That's very good news. Extra10 Cheapest price I've seen thus far.
I'll pass for now. The only issue here is how fast you will actually get the item. Lets see how long it takes to arrive.
Coments:
No sir...