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IVP is an excellent modality to diagnose medullary sponge kidney and papillary necrosis. Anesthesia is not needed, but sedation may be used for some people.
Plain Films of the Abdomen
Male and female urinary tracts. Color-Doppler ultrasonography is used to measure flow or velocity of blood in the main renal artery. China smartphones online shopping This patient exhibited a stricture at the distal insertion of the ureter into the bladder. The upper urinary tract includes the kidneys, which filter wastes and extra fluid from the blood, and the ureters, which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Other results may take a few days.
What is the urinary tract?
The structure of the kidneys shows up clearly on the x rays as the contrast medium is filtered from the blood and passes through the kidneys to the ureters. Within 70 seconds after injection of contrast, the renal vasculature is identified and renal cell carcinoma can be accurately staged. The technician is supervised by a radiologist while the images are taken.
Procedure overview
During an MRI, the person is usually awake but must remain perfectly still while the images are being taken. A transrectal ultrasound may produce some discomfort. When the bladder empties, urine flows out of the body through a tube called the urethra at the bottom of the bladder. In the excretory phase 5 minutes after contrast injectionthe ureter, bladder and pelvicaliceal system is imaged. The probe directs high-frequency sound waves at the prostate and the echo patterns form an image of the gland on a monitor. The x-rays are taken from various angles while the bladder is full of contrast medium. Contrast medium is slowly dripped into the bladder, by means of gravity, until the bladder is full.
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06.03.2018 - Consensus on diuresis renography for investigating the dilated upper urinary tract. It may also offer an advantage in the evaluation of small renal masses. Functional renal imaging with nuclear medicine. Department of Health and Human Services. This publication is not copyrighted. IVP is an excellent modality to diagnose medullary sponge kidney and papillary necrosis. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses.
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07.02.2018 - Radioactive chemicals can also be put into the fluids used to fill the bladder and urethra for x-ray, MRI, and CT imaging. There are no fees for patients, family and friends to get connected! If you are having an MRI or MRA, talk with the technical staff about any implanted devices—such as heart pacemakers, intrauterine devices IUDship replacements, and implanted ports for catheterization—that may have metal parts that will affect the images. Renal Ultrasonography Renal ultrasonography is invaluable as a screening test for urinary tract dilatation hydronephrosisa hallmark of urinary tract obstruction. Multiple acquisitions of static fluid MRIs can ensure adequate visualization of the entire ureter and assess fixed narrowing or obstruction. Plain films of the abdomen are now rarely used to evaluate kidney and urinary tract disease. What steps does the health care provider take before ordering imaging tests?
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28.03.2018 - Radionuclide cystography is widely used by pediatric nephrologists to detect early vesicoureteral reflux in children. Special cameras and computers are used to create images of the radioactive chemicals as they pass through the urinary tract. The technician is supervised by a radiologist while the images are taken. You will be asked to lie still for minutes at a time as the equipment takes pictures from different angles. For an abdominal ultrasound exam, a technician will apply gel to your abdomen and sweep a handheld transducer across the area to generate a picture of your urinary tract. To determine whether a tumor is cancerous, the health care provider performs a biopsy.
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Ultrasonography remains the procedure of choice for evaluation of acquired or hereditary polycystic kidney disease. Renal masses are also readily identified with ultrasonography.
These features are easily characterized with renal ultrasonography. Although renal ultrasonography was once routinely used to identify kidney stones, noncontrast helical computed tomography has supplanted ultrasonography in the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis.
Color-Doppler ultrasonography is used to measure flow or velocity of blood in the main renal artery. It is primarily used to detect renal vascular occlusive disease.
Indications of renal ultrasonography are as follows: Intravenous pyelography IVP was the earliest imaging technique to define the anatomy of the renal and urinary tract using iodinated contrast injection, which is excreted by the kidneys into the collecting system.
IVP can be used to detect kidney stones and delineate the level of obstruction in patients with urinary tract obstruction. The acquisition of data is slower than other forms of imaging eg, CT scanning.
In pregnant patients, IVP with limited contrast can be performed if ultrasonography is unrevealing. IVP is an excellent modality to diagnose medullary sponge kidney and papillary necrosis.
Computed tomography CT provides similar information as renal ultrasonography but with additional detail due to high spatial resolution. CT scan is an excellent tool to evaluate masses, traumatic injury to the kidney, stones, and pyelonephritis.
Noncontrast helical CT scanning is the procedure of choice to evaluate kidney stones. High-resolution CT angiography is excellent in defining the anatomy of the renal arteries and veins eg, renal vein thrombosis.
CT scanning is superior to ultrasonography in identifying renal cysts, since it is capable of detecting small cysts mm in diameter. Because of safety and cost, renal ultrasonography is still used to screen for polycystic kidney disease.
With the advent of multidetector CT scanning, CT urography is a feasible option to replace intravenous urography. Multiphase CT urography [ 8 ] has a higher diagnostic yield in evaluating the etiology of hematuria and identifying urothelial tumors than intravenous urography.
Some investigators believe it is comparable to cystoscopy and provides complementary data by simultaneously delineating extraurinary disease. In the precontrast phase, a scan is obtained for baseline calcifications, stones, and space-occupying lesions in the kidney and urinary tract.
Within 70 seconds after injection of contrast, the renal vasculature is identified and renal cell carcinoma can be accurately staged. In the nephrographic phase ie, up to seconds after contrast injection, renal masses can be differentiated from simple cysts, as malignant masses will enhance with contrast.
In the excretory phase 5 minutes after contrast injection, the ureter, bladder and pelvicaliceal system is imaged. Limited CT urography with an excretory phase only can be performed to minimize radiation exposure.
No preparation is required, but prehydration is typically performed, and the bladder should be empty before the procedure is begun. Intravenous saline administration or administration of 10 mg of intravenous furosemide is often used to increase opacification and distension of the collecting system.
The supine position seems to be satisfactory in most patients, but the prone position improves opacification of the distal urinary tract in some patients. Turning the patient several times prior to the excretory phase is necessary to prevent layering of contrast.
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI provides a useful alternative to CT scanning in individuals at risk for toxicity from intravenous contrast. It may also offer an advantage in the evaluation of small renal masses.
Magnetic resonance angiography has proven useful in the evaluation of stenosis in the mid and proximal renal arteries. Recently, progressive systemic fibrosis nephrogenic systemic fibrosis [NSF] in patients with kidney failure has been recognized.
This disorder has been reported only in patients receiving gadolinium, a contrast agent used to enhance the standard MRI. Although rare, these cases invariably progressed to death.
To date, all of these cases have occurred in patients with advanced renal disease. Newer contrast agents at very low doses are under investigation as an alternate approach. Newer modalities, such as magnetic resonance renography, have shown promising results in assessing morphology and function of the kidneys; [ 9 ] however, the risk of gadolinium contrast remains a significant concern in patients with renal insufficiency.
Several recent studies of non—contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography have revealed excellent sensitivity in detecting renal artery stenosis; [ 10 ] however, larger studies are needed before this approach can be recommended routinely in the evaluation of renal artery disease.
Magnetic resonance urography is commonly used in children and pregnant women to avoid the risk of ionizing radiation. T2-weighted magnetic resonance techniques rely on high signal intensity of urine for image contrast.
Images can be obtained quickly and in any image plane. The images are appealing when compared to intravenous urography. The signal-to-noise ratio SNR is increased with phased-array surface coils to achieve maximal interpretable resolution.
A further increase in SNR is achieved by imaging with higher field strength; however, this also increases susceptibility artifacts from gas-filled bowel, and this technique therefore needs further investigation.
Magnetic resonance urography can be complemented with T2 weighting and excretory images after administration of intravenous gadolinium. Multiple acquisitions of static fluid MRIs can ensure adequate visualization of the entire ureter and assess fixed narrowing or obstruction.
When contrast is used for magnetic resonance urography, T1-weighted images are used to examine the kidney and vasculature. Intravenous furosemide is used to augment visualization of the excretory system.
T1-weighted images are obtained to visualize the bladder for tumors before gadolinium reaches the bladder, as masses can be obscured because of heterogeneous enhancement. The image quality is less robust with an undistended urinary system.
Several interventions such as intravenous fluids, diuretics, compression devices, and gadolinium chelate aid in improving the resolution of MRI. Respiratory and ureteral peristaltic movements may interfere with signal acquisition; however, forced breath-holding may improve the image.
MRI is not very sensitive for detecting calcifications, although renal calculi can be inferred from filling defects or ureteral dilatation. The sensitivity of MRI in detecting urothelial and kidney malignancies is less well known than CT imaging.
Radionuclide scanning has been successfully used to evaluate renal perfusion in various settings, including renal artery stenosis and thrombosis. Although a radionuclide study can provide an assessment of renal tubular function, it is nonspecific and therefore cannot establish a definitive renal diagnosis.
Radionuclide cystography is widely used by pediatric nephrologists to detect early vesicoureteral reflux in children. Differential renal function can be estimated from the uptake and clearance of tracer by each kidney over a specified period; 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid [DMSA] is traditionally used.
Renal blood flow can be estimated as a fraction of cardiac output depending on the amount of radioactivity in the kidney. Urinary obstruction can also be identified based on the relative tracer excretion via each kidney.
Renal angiography is the criterion standard for direct visualization of the renal vasculature. It is invaluable in the diagnosis and prognosis of renal artery stenosis and renal vein thrombosis.
Retrograde pyelography is an essential tool for localizing the site of urinary tract obstruction. It may also prove therapeutic eg, ureteral stents can be placed to relieve an obstruction.
It has been supplanted by ultrasonography or CT scanning in most settings. However, it is helpful in patients with a known pelvic malignancy when hydronephrosis is absent owing to ureteral encasement.
Diuretic renography is widely used to discriminate functional versus anatomical obstruction after identification of a dilated upper urinary tract usually with ultrasonography or CT scanning. Furosemide is administered with a radiopharmaceutical usually MAG 3, technetiumm-mercaptoacetyl triglycine.
Diuretic renography is primarily used to determine whether a dilated urinary tract is secondary to obstructive lesions eg, tumors or nonobstructive causes eg, persistent dilation after relief of a previous obstruction.
In some cases, the urine specific gravity is measured to ensure adequate hydration ideally, the specific gravity should be less than 1. The bladder should be emptied before the test.
The dosage should be reduced in children based on body surface area. In infants, the washout interpretation is difficult owing to variable GFR, sodium absorption, renal blood flow, and urine-concentrating ability.
Nonetheless, ruling out of obstruction is vital in this setting. Imaging evaluation in the patient with renal stone disease. How do I prepare for an imaging examination?
How you prepare will depend on the purpose of the examination and the type of equipment to be used. What are the test procedures like? Most procedures for imaging the urinary tract are performed as the patient lies on a table.
What should I do after the test? For most of these tests, you will be able to resume normal activity immediately afterward. If your test involved placing a catheter in the urethra, you may have some mild discomfort.
Drinking an 8-ounce glass of water every 30 minutes for 2 hours should help. Also, you may be able to take a warm bath. Alternatively, holding a warm, damp washcloth over the urethral opening may relieve the discomfort.
You may experience some discomfort after a transrectal ultrasound as well. A prostate biopsy may produce pain in the rectum and the perineum—the area between the rectum and the scrotum. For catheterization or biopsy, your doctor will sometimes, but not always, give you an antibiotic to take for 1 or 2 days to prevent an infection.
If you notice signs of infection—including chills, fever, or persistent pain when you urinate—you should call your doctor at once. When will I get the results? Results for simple tests can be discussed with your doctor or nurse immediately after the test.
Other results may take a few days. You will have the chance to ask questions about the results and possible treatments for your problem. The NIDDK has established a program to develop and test accurate, reproducible techniques to monitor the progression of polycystic kidney disease so that potential interventions can be evaluated.
This program will apply the latest advances in imaging technology so that clinicians can use information about kidney size and the portion of the kidney occupied by cysts to determine how far the disease has progressed.
For example, current state-of-the-art methods using MRI techniques with rapid image acquisition rates make possible high-resolution, three-dimensional images of the kidneys.
Semiautomated image analysis can determine renal size and the location of cystic structures. MRI may also permit simultaneous estimation of kidney function. Department of Health and Human Services.
Established in, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public.
The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This fact sheet was reviewed by Linda M. This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
Join KUFA today and become an essential part of the fight to save and improve lives. There are no fees for patients, family and friends to get connected! Imaging of the Urinary Tract.
Imaging may help your doctor find the cause of urinary incontinence—unintended leakage of urine frequent, urgent urination blockage of urine abdominal mass pain in the groin or lower back blood in the urine high blood pressure kidney failure.
The radiologist takes a series of snapshots as the medium circulates through the blood and reaches the kidneys. The structure of the kidneys shows up clearly on the x rays as the contrast medium is filtered from the blood and passes through the kidneys to the ureters.
The x-ray machine then captures a video of the contrast medium during urination. This procedure allows the doctor to see things such as whether urine is backing up into the ureters when it should be traveling the other way, down through the urethra, or whether urine outflow through the urethra is blocked.
VCUG is often used with children who have recurrent infections to determine whether a defect in the urinary tract is causing the infections. It can also show blockages from an enlarged prostate in men or abnormal bladder position in women.
The gel allows the transducer to glide easily, and it improves the transmission of the signals. Transrectal ultrasound —Transrectal ultrasound is most often used to examine the prostate.
The ultrasound image shows the size and shape of the prostate and any irregularity that might be a tumor. To determine whether an abnormal-looking area is in fact a tumor, the doctor can use the transducer and the ultrasound images to guide a biopsy needle to the suspected tumor.
The needle collects a few pieces of prostate tissue for examination with a microscope. It can show renal artery stenosis, which is a narrowing of vessels that causes poor blood flow to the kidney and can cause high blood pressure and lead to reduced kidney function and eventually to kidney failure.
Your doctor needs to know if you have any allergies to foods or medications and if you have had any recent illnesses or medical conditions. Your doctor may tell you not to eat or drink anything for 12 hours before the test.
For some ultrasound examinations, however, you may be instructed to drink several glasses of water 2 hours before the examination so your bladder will be full.
You may be given a laxative to clear the colon before the examination. If you are having a transrectal ultrasound, you will be given an enema about 4 hours before the examination.
If you are having an MRI or MRA, talk with the technical staff about any implanted devices—such as heart pacemakers, intrauterine devices IUDs, hip replacements, and implanted ports for catheterization—that may have metal parts that will affect the images.
Metal plates, pins, screws, and surgical staples, as well as any bullets or shrapnel you might have in your body, may cause a problem if they have been in place for less than 4 to 6 weeks. For an IVP, dye is injected into a vein, and x-ray pictures are taken at 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes to see the progression of the contrast medium through the kidneys and ureters.
The dye makes the kidneys and urine visible on the x ray and shows any narrowing or blockage in the urinary tract. This procedure can help identify problems in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder that may have resulted from urine retention or backup.
MRI and CT scans may also require injection of dye.
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An IVP is an x-ray of the urinary tract. Contrast medium is injected into a vein in the person’s arm, travels through the body to the kidneys, and makes urine visible on the x-ray. The contrast medium also shows any blockage in the urinary tract.
25.03.2018 - The bladder should be emptied before the test. Specific preparations could include any of the following:. Signs of sedative reactions include changes in breathing and heart rate. Ccleaner latest version download for windows 7 - V... As the person lies on the x-ray table, a health care provider inserts the tip of a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through the urethra into the bladder. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate with magnetic resonance imaging:
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02.03.2018 - T2-weighted magnetic resonance techniques rely on high signal intensity of urine for image contrast. After most imaging tests, the person can immediately resume normal activity. You may be given a laxative to clear the colon before the examination. Ccleaner free download italiano windows 7 - For an... Note the brushlike pattern arrows involving the renal papillae. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed, though light sedation may be used for people with a fear of confined spaces.
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06.03.2018 - However, dilation of the urinary tract may also be observed in polyuria and normal pregnancy uterine enlargement causes partial urinary tract obstruction. Clinical trials are part of clinical research and at the heart of all medical advances. Renal blood flow can be estimated as a fraction of cardiac output depending on the amount of radioactivity in the kidney. Ccleaner free download for xp latest version - Use... CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x-rays are taken. Imaging helps the health care provider see the causes of medical problems. Need a Curbside Consult?
Plain films are not sensitive enough to exclude tumors of the kidney or urothelial tract. This imaging technique does provide general information regarding kidney size and shape. Plain abdominal films are indicated for the evaluation of radiopaque kidney stones calcium-containing stones, struvite, cystine.
Renal ultrasonography is invaluable as a screening test for urinary tract dilatation hydronephrosis, a hallmark of urinary tract obstruction. However, dilation of the urinary tract may also be observed in polyuria and normal pregnancy uterine enlargement causes partial urinary tract obstruction.
Urinary tract dilation may persist indefinitely, even after relief of urinary tract obstruction. Parapelvic cysts may also be mistaken for pelvocaliectasis. Ultrasonography remains the procedure of choice for evaluation of acquired or hereditary polycystic kidney disease.
Renal masses are also readily identified with ultrasonography. These features are easily characterized with renal ultrasonography. Although renal ultrasonography was once routinely used to identify kidney stones, noncontrast helical computed tomography has supplanted ultrasonography in the diagnosis of nephrolithiasis.
Color-Doppler ultrasonography is used to measure flow or velocity of blood in the main renal artery. It is primarily used to detect renal vascular occlusive disease.
Indications of renal ultrasonography are as follows: Intravenous pyelography IVP was the earliest imaging technique to define the anatomy of the renal and urinary tract using iodinated contrast injection, which is excreted by the kidneys into the collecting system.
IVP can be used to detect kidney stones and delineate the level of obstruction in patients with urinary tract obstruction. The acquisition of data is slower than other forms of imaging eg, CT scanning.
In pregnant patients, IVP with limited contrast can be performed if ultrasonography is unrevealing. IVP is an excellent modality to diagnose medullary sponge kidney and papillary necrosis.
Computed tomography CT provides similar information as renal ultrasonography but with additional detail due to high spatial resolution. CT scan is an excellent tool to evaluate masses, traumatic injury to the kidney, stones, and pyelonephritis.
Noncontrast helical CT scanning is the procedure of choice to evaluate kidney stones. High-resolution CT angiography is excellent in defining the anatomy of the renal arteries and veins eg, renal vein thrombosis.
CT scanning is superior to ultrasonography in identifying renal cysts, since it is capable of detecting small cysts mm in diameter. Because of safety and cost, renal ultrasonography is still used to screen for polycystic kidney disease.
With the advent of multidetector CT scanning, CT urography is a feasible option to replace intravenous urography. Multiphase CT urography [ 8 ] has a higher diagnostic yield in evaluating the etiology of hematuria and identifying urothelial tumors than intravenous urography.
Some investigators believe it is comparable to cystoscopy and provides complementary data by simultaneously delineating extraurinary disease. In the precontrast phase, a scan is obtained for baseline calcifications, stones, and space-occupying lesions in the kidney and urinary tract.
Within 70 seconds after injection of contrast, the renal vasculature is identified and renal cell carcinoma can be accurately staged. In the nephrographic phase ie, up to seconds after contrast injection, renal masses can be differentiated from simple cysts, as malignant masses will enhance with contrast.
In the excretory phase 5 minutes after contrast injection, the ureter, bladder and pelvicaliceal system is imaged. Limited CT urography with an excretory phase only can be performed to minimize radiation exposure.
No preparation is required, but prehydration is typically performed, and the bladder should be empty before the procedure is begun. Intravenous saline administration or administration of 10 mg of intravenous furosemide is often used to increase opacification and distension of the collecting system.
The supine position seems to be satisfactory in most patients, but the prone position improves opacification of the distal urinary tract in some patients. Turning the patient several times prior to the excretory phase is necessary to prevent layering of contrast.
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI provides a useful alternative to CT scanning in individuals at risk for toxicity from intravenous contrast. It may also offer an advantage in the evaluation of small renal masses.
Magnetic resonance angiography has proven useful in the evaluation of stenosis in the mid and proximal renal arteries. Recently, progressive systemic fibrosis nephrogenic systemic fibrosis [NSF] in patients with kidney failure has been recognized.
This disorder has been reported only in patients receiving gadolinium, a contrast agent used to enhance the standard MRI. Although rare, these cases invariably progressed to death.
To date, all of these cases have occurred in patients with advanced renal disease. Newer contrast agents at very low doses are under investigation as an alternate approach. Newer modalities, such as magnetic resonance renography, have shown promising results in assessing morphology and function of the kidneys; [ 9 ] however, the risk of gadolinium contrast remains a significant concern in patients with renal insufficiency.
Several recent studies of non—contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography have revealed excellent sensitivity in detecting renal artery stenosis; [ 10 ] however, larger studies are needed before this approach can be recommended routinely in the evaluation of renal artery disease.
Magnetic resonance urography is commonly used in children and pregnant women to avoid the risk of ionizing radiation. T2-weighted magnetic resonance techniques rely on high signal intensity of urine for image contrast.
Images can be obtained quickly and in any image plane. The images are appealing when compared to intravenous urography. The signal-to-noise ratio SNR is increased with phased-array surface coils to achieve maximal interpretable resolution.
A further increase in SNR is achieved by imaging with higher field strength; however, this also increases susceptibility artifacts from gas-filled bowel, and this technique therefore needs further investigation.
Magnetic resonance urography can be complemented with T2 weighting and excretory images after administration of intravenous gadolinium. Multiple acquisitions of static fluid MRIs can ensure adequate visualization of the entire ureter and assess fixed narrowing or obstruction.
When contrast is used for magnetic resonance urography, T1-weighted images are used to examine the kidney and vasculature. Intravenous furosemide is used to augment visualization of the excretory system.
T1-weighted images are obtained to visualize the bladder for tumors before gadolinium reaches the bladder, as masses can be obscured because of heterogeneous enhancement. The image quality is less robust with an undistended urinary system.
Several interventions such as intravenous fluids, diuretics, compression devices, and gadolinium chelate aid in improving the resolution of MRI. Respiratory and ureteral peristaltic movements may interfere with signal acquisition; however, forced breath-holding may improve the image.
MRI is not very sensitive for detecting calcifications, although renal calculi can be inferred from filling defects or ureteral dilatation. The sensitivity of MRI in detecting urothelial and kidney malignancies is less well known than CT imaging.
Radionuclide scanning has been successfully used to evaluate renal perfusion in various settings, including renal artery stenosis and thrombosis. Although a radionuclide study can provide an assessment of renal tubular function, it is nonspecific and therefore cannot establish a definitive renal diagnosis.
Radionuclide cystography is widely used by pediatric nephrologists to detect early vesicoureteral reflux in children. Differential renal function can be estimated from the uptake and clearance of tracer by each kidney over a specified period; 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid [DMSA] is traditionally used.
Renal blood flow can be estimated as a fraction of cardiac output depending on the amount of radioactivity in the kidney. Urinary obstruction can also be identified based on the relative tracer excretion via each kidney.
Renal angiography is the criterion standard for direct visualization of the renal vasculature. It is invaluable in the diagnosis and prognosis of renal artery stenosis and renal vein thrombosis.
Retrograde pyelography is an essential tool for localizing the site of urinary tract obstruction. It may also prove therapeutic eg, ureteral stents can be placed to relieve an obstruction.
It has been supplanted by ultrasonography or CT scanning in most settings. However, it is helpful in patients with a known pelvic malignancy when hydronephrosis is absent owing to ureteral encasement.
Diuretic renography is widely used to discriminate functional versus anatomical obstruction after identification of a dilated upper urinary tract usually with ultrasonography or CT scanning.
Furosemide is administered with a radiopharmaceutical usually MAG 3, technetiumm-mercaptoacetyl triglycine. Imaging techniques consist of x rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging MRI, and computerized tomography CT scans.
Imaging helps doctors see the causes of medical problems. What is the urinary tract? The urinary tract consists of the organs, tubes, and muscles that work together to make, move, store, and release urine, the liquid waste of the human body.
The upper urinary tract includes the kidneys, which filter wastes and extra fluid from the blood, and the ureters, which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The lower urinary tract includes the bladder, a balloon-shaped muscle that stores urine, and the urethra, a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body during urination.
Doctors who specialize in kidney problems are called nephrologists. Doctors who specialize in problems of the organs and tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to outside the body are called urologists.
These problems may involve cancers or growths of these organs, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and testes, or may involve abnormalities in storing or releasing urine.
Male and female urinary tracts. What problems could require imaging of the urinary tract? Imaging may help your doctor find the cause of. One symptom could have several possible causes.
Your doctor can use imaging techniques to determine, for example, whether a urinary stone or an enlarged prostate is blocking urine flow. Imaging can also help clarify kidney diseases, tumors, urinary reflux—backward flow of urine—urinary tract infections, incomplete emptying, and small bladder capacity.
What factors will my doctor consider before ordering tests? The first step in solving a urinary problem is to talk with your doctor. You will be asked about your general medical history, including any major illnesses or surgeries, so you should be prepared to give as many details as you can about the problem and when it started.
You should mention all the medicines you take, both prescription and nonprescription, because they might be part of the problem. You should also talk about how much fluid you drink a day and whether the beverages you drink contain alcohol or caffeine.
Why does the doctor choose one imaging technique instead of another? Your doctor will look at several factors to decide what imaging technique to use. Each has advantages and disadvantages.
Convenience and cost-effectiveness are also factors. Doctors have used x-ray machines to diagnose diseases for about a century. X rays of the urinary tract can help highlight a kidney stone or tumor that could block the flow of urine and cause pain.
An x ray can also show the size and shape of the prostate. Conventional x rays do involve some exposure to ionizing radiation—radiation that is strong enough to damage some cells.
Two x-ray procedures involve the use of contrast medium, which is a liquid that acts like a dye and shows the shape of the urinary tract as it passes through the tract. In ultrasound, or sonography, a technician holds a device, called a transducer, that sends harmless sound waves into the body and catches them as they bounce back off the internal organs to create a picture on a monitor.
Different angles make it possible to examine different organs. MRI machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. No exposure to radiation occurs. With most MRI machines, the patient lies on a table that slides into a tunnel that may be open-ended or closed at one end.
Some newer machines are designed to allow the patient to lie in a more open space. During an MRI, the patient is awake but must remain perfectly still while the images are being taken, usually only a few minutes.
A sequence of images may be needed to create a detailed picture of the organ. During the sequencing, the patient will hear mechanical knocking and humming noises. Magnetic resonance angiogram MRA.
CT scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create three-dimensional images. CT scans can help identify stones in the urinary tract, infections, cysts, tumors, and traumatic injury to the kidneys and ureters.
How do I prepare for an imaging examination? How you prepare will depend on the purpose of the examination and the type of equipment to be used. What are the test procedures like?
Most procedures for imaging the urinary tract are performed as the patient lies on a table. What should I do after the test? For most of these tests, you will be able to resume normal activity immediately afterward.
If your test involved placing a catheter in the urethra, you may have some mild discomfort. Drinking an 8-ounce glass of water every 30 minutes for 2 hours should help. Also, you may be able to take a warm bath.
Alternatively, holding a warm, damp washcloth over the urethral opening may relieve the discomfort. You may experience some discomfort after a transrectal ultrasound as well.
A prostate biopsy may produce pain in the rectum and the perineum—the area between the rectum and the scrotum. For catheterization or biopsy, your doctor will sometimes, but not always, give you an antibiotic to take for 1 or 2 days to prevent an infection.
If you notice signs of infection—including chills, fever, or persistent pain when you urinate—you should call your doctor at once. When will I get the results?
Coments:
21.01.2018 Doshura :
MED TERM Chapter 06 Vocabulary. Description. x-ray image of the urinary tract (retrograde means to move in a direction opposite from normal). For an IVP, dye is injected into a vein, and x-ray pictures are taken at 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes to see the progression of the contrast medium through the kidneys and ureters. The dye makes the kidneys and urine visible on the x ray and shows any narrowing or blockage in the urinary tract. or suspected urinary tract disorders. Although ultra - sound has largely become the first-choice imaging d In this ultrasound image, the ureter.
04.02.2018 Yojinn :
X-rays are usually not helpful in evaluating urinary tract disorders. Sometimes x-rays are images of urinary tract Imaging Tests of the Urinary Tract. Imaging of the urinary tract can involve a multitude of tests. Plain x-rays can reveal opaque renal calculi. contrast is injected and images obtained. Start studying Medical Terminology - Chapter Learn vocabulary, X-ray image of blood vessels after Process of taking x-ray images of the urinary tract.
18.02.2018 Minris :
Learn about a kidney, ureter, and bladder X-ray and bladder X-ray? A kidney, ureter, and bladder A KUB X-ray may be taken to evaluate the urinary tract before. See what urinary tract x-rays are and what they look like through Reasons for a Urinary Tract X-Ray: If you have an image you own the rights to and. Aug 27, · Intravenous pyelography (IVP) was the earliest imaging technique to define the anatomy of the renal and urinary tract using iodinated contrast injection, which is excreted by the kidneys into the collecting system. IVP can be used to detect kidney stones and delineate the level of obstruction in patients with urinary tract obstruction.